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Document Area

Once the RTF header is defined, the RTF reader has enough information to correctly read the actual document text. The document area has the following syntax.

<info>? <docfmt>* <section>+

Information Group

The \info control word introduces the information group, which contains information about the document. This can include the title, author, keywords, comments, and other information specific to the file. This information is for use by a document-management utility, if available.

This group has the following syntax:

<info>	'{' <title>? & <subject>? & <author>? & <manager>? & <company>? <operator>? & <category>? & <keywords>? & <comment>? & *`\version`? & <doccomm>? & `\vern`? & <creatim>? & <revtim>? & <printim>? & <buptim>? & `\edmins`? & `\nofpages`? & `\nofwords`? `\nofchars`? & `\id`*? '}'
<title>	'{' `\title` #PCDATA '}'
<subject>	'{' `\subject` #PCDATA '}'
<author>	'{' `\author` #PCDATA '}'
<manager>	{' `\manager` #PCDATA '}'
<company>	{' `\company` #PCDATA '}'
<operator>	'{' `\operator` #PCDATA '}'
<category>	{' `\category` #PCDATA '}'
<keywords>	'{' \keywords #PCDATA '}'
<comment>	'{' `\comment` #PCDATA '}'
<doccomm>	'{' `\doccomm` #PCDATA '}'
<hlinkbase>	'{' `\hlinkbase` #PCDATA '}'
<creatim>	'{' `\creatim` <time> '}'
<revtim>	'{' \revtim <time> '}'
<printim>	'{' \printim <time> '}'
<buptim>	'{' `\buptim` <time> '}'
<time>	*`\yr`? `\mo`? `\dy`? `\hr`? `\min`? `\sec`*?

Some applications, such as Word, ask the user to type this information when saving the document in its native format. If the document is then saved as an RTF file or translated into RTF, the RTF writer specifies this information using the following control words. These control words are destinations and both the control words and the text should be enclosed in braces ({ }).

Control Word	Meaning
`\title`	Title of the document. This is a destination control word.
`\subject`	Subject of the document. This is a destination control word.
`\author`	Author of the document. This is a destination control word.
`\`manager	Manager of the author. This is a destination control word.
`\`company	Company of the author. This is a destination control word
`\operator`	Person who last made changes to the document. This is a destination control word.
`\`category	Category of the document. This is a destination control word.
`\keywords`	Selected keywords for the document. This is a destination control word.
`\comment`	Comments; text is ignored. This is a destination control word.
`\version`N	Version number of the document.
`\doccomm`	Comments displayed in the Summary Info or Properties dialog box in Word. This is a destination control word.
`\hlinkbase`	The base address that is used for the path of all relative hyperlinks inserted in the document. This can be a path or an Internet address (URL).

The \userprops control word introduces the user-defined document properties. Unique \propname control words define each user-defined property in the document. The group has the following syntax:

<userprops>	'{\' `\userprops`* ('{' <propinfo> '}'*) '}'
<propinfo>	<propname> <proptype> <staticval> <linkval>?
<propname>	'{' `\propname` #PCDATA '}'
<proptype>	`\`proptype
<staticval>	`\staticval`
<linkval>	`\linkval`

Control Word	Meaning
\propname	The name of the user-defined property.
\staticval	The value of the property.
\linkval	The name of a bookmark that contains the text to display as the value of the property.
\proptypeN	Specifies the type of the property: 3 — Integer 5 — Real number 7 — Date 11 — Boolean 30 — Text

The RTF writer may automatically enter other control words, including the following:

Control Word	Meaning
`\vern`N	Internal version number
`\creatim`	Creation time
\revtim	Revision time
`\printim`	Last print time
`\buptim`	Backup time
`\edmins`N	Total editing time (in minutes)
`\yr`N	Year
`\mo`N	Month
`\dy`N	Day
`\hr`N	Hour
`\min`N	Minute
`\sec`N	Seconds
`\nofpages`N	Number of pages
`\nofwords`N	Number of words
`\nofchars`N	Number of characters including spaces
`\nofcharsws`N	Number of characters not including spaces
`\id`N	Internal ID number

Any control word described in the previous table that does not have a numeric parameter specifies a date; all dates are specified with the \yr \mo \dy \hr \min \sec controls. An example of an information group follows:

{\info{\title Template}{\author John Doe}{\operator JOHN DOE}
{\creatim\yr1999\mo4\dy27\min1}{\revtim\yr1999\mo4\dy27\min1}
{\printim\yr1999\mo3\dy17\hr23\min5}{\version2}{\edmins2}{\nofpages183}
{\nofwords53170}{\nofchars303071}{\*\company Microsoft}
{\nofcharsws372192}{\vern8247}}

Document Formatting Properties

After the information group (if there are any), there may be some document formatting control words (described as <docfmt> in the document area syntax description). These control words specify the attributes of the document, such as margins and footnote placement. These attributes must precede the first plain-text character in the document.

The control words that specify document formatting are listed in the following table (measurements are in twips; a twip is one-twentieth of a point). For omitted control words, RTF uses the default values.

Page Information
Control Word	Meaning
`\deftab`N	Default tab width in twips (the default is 720).
`\hyphhotz`N	Hyphenation hot zone in twips (the amount of space at the right margin in which words are hyphenated).
`\hyphconsec`N	N is the maximum number of consecutive lines that will be allowed to end in a hyphen. 0 means no limit.
`\hyphcaps`	Toggles hyphenation of capitalized words (the default is on). Append 1 or leave control word by itself to toggle property on; append 0 to turn it off.
\hyphauto	Toggles automatic hyphenation (the default is off). Append 1 or leave control word by itself to toggle property on; append 0 to turn it off.
`\linestart`N	Beginning line number (the default is 1).
`\fracwidth`	Uses fractional character widths when printing (QuickDraw only).
*`\`\nextfile**	The argument is the name of the file to print or index next; it must be enclosed in braces. This is a destination control word.
*`\`\template**	The argument is the name of a related template file; it must be enclosed in braces. This is a destination control word.
`\makebackup`	Backup copy is made automatically when the document is saved.
`\defformat`	Tells the RTF reader that the document should be saved in RTF format.
`\psover`	Prints PostScript over the text.
`\doctemp`	Document is a boilerplate document. For Word for Windows, this is a template; for Word for the Macintosh, this is a stationery file.
`\deflang`N	Defines the default language used in the document used with a `\plain` control word. See the section on Font (Character) Formatting Properties in this RTF Specification for a list of possible values for N.
`\deflangfe`N	Default language ID for Asian/Middle Eastern text in Word.
`\windowcaption`	Sets the caption text for the document window. This is a string value.
`\doctype`N	An integer (0-2) that describes the document type for AutoFormat. 0 — General Document (for formatting most documents, the default) 1 — Letter (for formatting letters, and used by Letter Wizard) 2E-mail (for formatting e-mail, and used by WordMail)
`\fromtext`	Indicates document was originally plain text.
`\fromhtml`	Indicates the document was originally HTML and may contain encapsulated HTML tags. This keyword may be followed by a version number (currently 1).
\horzdoc	Horizontal rendering.
\vertdoc	Vertical rendering.
\jcompress	Compressing justification (default).
\jexpand	Expanding justification.
\lnongrid	Define line based on the grid.
Document Views and Zoom Level
`\`viewkindN	An integer (0-5) that represents the view mode of the document. 0 — None 1 — Page Layout view 2 — Outline view 3 — Master Document view 4 — Normal view 5 — Online Layout view
`\viewscale`N	Zoom level of the document; the N argument is a value representing a percentage (the default is 100).
`\viewzk`N	An integer (0 to 2) that represents the zoom kind of the document. 0 — None 1 — Full page 2 — Best fit
`\private`	Obsolete destination. It has no leading \*. It should be skipped.
Footnotes and Endnotes
`\fet`N	Footnote/endnote type. This indicates what type of notes are present in the document. 0 — Footnotes only or nothing at all (the default). 1 — Endnotes only. 2 — Footnotes and endnotes both. For backward compatibility, if `\fet1` is emitted, `\endnotes` or `\enddoc` will be emitted together with `\aendnotes` or \aenddoc. RTF readers that understand `\fet` will need to ignore the footnote-positioning control words, and use the endnote control words instead.
`\ftnsep`	Text argument separates footnotes from the document. This is a destination control word.
`\ftnsepc`	Text argument separates continued footnotes from the document. This is a destination control word.
`\ftncn`	Text argument is a notice for continued footnotes. This is a destination control word.
`\aftnsep`	Text argument separates endnotes from the document. This is a destination control word.
`\aftnsepc`	Text argument separates continued endnotes from the document. This is a destination control word.
`\aftncn`	Text argument is a notice for continued endnotes. This is a destination control word.
`\endnotes`	Footnotes at the end of the section (the default).
`\enddoc`	Footnotes at the end of the document.
`\ftntj`	Footnotes beneath text (top justified).
`\ftnbj`	Footnotes at the bottom of the page (bottom justified).
`\aendnotes`	Endnotes at end of section (the default).
`\aenddoc`	Endnotes at end of document.
`\aftnbj`	Endnotes at bottom of page (bottom justified).
`\aftntj`	Endnotes beneath text (top justified).
`\ftnstart`N	Beginning footnote number (the default is 1).
`\aftnstart`N	Beginning endnote number (the default is 1).
`\ftnrstpg`	Restart footnote numbering each page.
`\ftnrestart`	Footnote numbers restart at each section. Microsoft Word for the Macintosh uses this control to restart footnote numbering at each page.
`\ftnrstcont`	Continuous footnote numbering (the default).
`\aftnrestart`	Restart endnote numbering each section.
`\aftnrstcont`	Continuous endnote numbering (the default).
`\ftnnar`	Footnote numbering—Arabic numbering (1, 2, 3, ...)
`\ftnnalc`	Footnote numbering—Alphabetic lowercase (a, b, c, ...)
`\ftnnauc`	Footnote numbering—Alphabetic uppercase (A, B, C, ...)
`\ftnnrlc`	Footnote numbering—Roman lowercase (i, ii, iii, ...)
`\ftnnruc`	Footnote numbering—Roman uppercase (I, II, III, ...)
`\ftnnchi`	Footnote numbering—Chicago Manual of Style (*, �, �, �)
`\ftnnchosung`	Footnote Korean numbering 1 (*chosung).
`\ftnncnum`	Footnote Circle numbering (*circlenum).
`\ftnndbnum`	Footnote Kanji numbering without the digit character (*dbnum1).
`\ftnndbnumd`	Footnote Kanji numbering with the digit character (*dbnum2).
`\ftnndbnumt`	Footnote Kanji numbering 3 (*dbnum3).
`\ftnndbnumk`	Footnote Kanji numbering 4 (*dbnum4).
`\ftnndbar`	Footnote double-byte numbering (*dbchar).
`\ftnnganada`	Footnote Korean numbering 2 (*ganada).
`\ftnngbnum`	Footnote Chinese numbering 1 (*gb1).
`\ftnngbnumd`	Footnote Chinese numbering 2 (*gb2).
`\ftnngbnuml`	Footnote Chinese numbering 3 (*gb3).
`\ftnngbnumk`	Footnote Chinese numbering 4 (*gb4).
`\ftnnzodiac`	Footnote numbering— Chinese Zodiac numbering 1 (* zodiac1)
`\ftnnzodiacd`	Footnote numbering— Chinese Zodiac numbering 2 (* zodiac2)
`\ftnnzodiacl`	Footnote numbering— Chinese Zodiac numbering 3 (* zodiac3)
`\aftnnar`	Endnote numbering—Arabic numbering (1, 2, 3, ...)
`\aftnnalc`	Endnote numbering—Alphabetic lowercase (a, b, c, ...)
`\aftnnauc`	Endnote numbering—Alphabetic uppercase (A, B, C, ...)
`\aftnnrlc`	Endnote numbering—Roman lowercase (i, ii, iii, ...)
`\aftnnruc`	Endnote numbering—Roman uppercase (I, II, III, ...)
`\aftnnchi`	Endnote numbering—Chicago Manual of Style (*, �, �, �)
`\aftnnchosung`	Endnote Korean numbering 1 (*chosung).
`\aftnncnum`	Endnote Circle numbering (*circlenum).
`\aftnndbnum`	Endnote Kanji numbering without the digit character (*dbnum1).
`\aftnndbnumd`	Endnote Kanji numbering with the digit character (*dbnum2).
`\aftnndbnumt`	Endnote Kanji numbering 3 (*dbnum3).
`\aftnndbnumk`	Endnote Kanji numbering 4 (*dbnum4).
`\aftnndbar`	Endnote double-byte numbering (*dbchar).
`\aftnnganada`	Endnote Korean numbering 2 (*ganada).
`\aftnngbnum`	Endnote Chinese numbering 1 (*gb1).
`\aftnngbnumd`	Endnote Chinese numbering 2 (*gb2).
`\aftnngbnuml`	Endnote Chinese numbering 3 (*gb3).
`\aftnngbnumk`	Endnote Chinese numbering 4 (*gb4).
`\aftnnzodiac`	Endnote numbering— Chinese Zodiac numbering 1 (* zodiac1)
`\aftnnzodiacd`	Endnote numbering— Chinese Zodiac numbering 2 (* zodiac2)
`\aftnnzodiacl`	Endnote numbering— Chinese Zodiac numbering 3 (* zodiac3).
`\paperw`N	Paper width in twips (the default is 12,240).
`\paperh`N	Paper height in twips (the default is 15,840).
`\psz`N	Used to differentiate between paper sizes with identical dimensions under Microsoft Windows NT�. Values 1–41 correspond to paper sizes defined in DRIVINI.H in the Windows 3.1 SDK (DMPAPER_ values). Values greater than or equal to 42 correspond to user-defined forms under Windows NT.
`\margl`N	Left margin in twips (the default is 1800).
`\margr`N	Right margin in twips (the default is 1800).
`\margt`N	Top margin in twips (the default is 1440).
`\margb`N	Bottom margin in twips (the default is 1440).
`\facingp`	Facing pages (activates odd/even headers and gutters).
`\gutter`N	Gutter width in twips (the default is 0).
`\rtlgutter`	Gutter is positioned on the right
\gutterprl	Parallel gutter.
`\margmirror`	Switches margin definitions on left and right pages. Used in conjunction with `\facingp`.
`\landscape`	Landscape format.
`\pgnstart`N	Beginning page number (the default is 1).
`\widowctrl`	Enable widow and orphan control.
\twoonone	Print two logical pages on one physical page.
Linked Styles
`\linkstyles`	Update document styles automatically based on template.
Compatibility Options
`\notabind`	Don't add automatic tab stop for hanging indent.
`\wraptrsp`	Wrap trailing spaces onto the next line.
`\prcolbl`	Print all colors as black.
`\noextrasprl`	Don't add extra space to line height for showing raised/lowered characters.
`\nocolbal`	Don't balance columns.
`\cvmme`	Treat old-style escaped quotation marks (\") as current style ("") in mail merge data documents.
`\sprstsp`	Suppress extra line spacing at top of page. Basically, this means to ignore any line spacing larger than Auto at the top of a page.
`\sprsspbf`	Suppress space before paragraph property after hard page or column break.
`\otblrul`	Combine table borders as done in Word 5.x for the Macintosh. Contradictory table border information is resolved in favor of the first cell.
`\transmf`	Metafiles are considered transparent; don't blank the area behind metafiles.
`\` swpbdr	If a paragraph has a left border (not a box) and the Different Odd And Even or Mirror Margins check box is selected, Word will print the border on the right for odd-numbered pages.
`\brkfrm`	Show hard (manual) page breaks and column breaks in frames.
`\sprslnsp`	Suppress extra line spacing like WordPerfect version 5.x.
`\subfontbysize`	Substitute fonts based on size first.
`\truncatefont` height	Round down to the nearest font size instead of rounding up.
`\truncex`	Don't add leading (extra space) between rows of text
`\bdbfhdr`	Print body before header/footer. Option for compatibility with Word for the Macintosh 5.x.
`\dntblnsbdb`	Don't balance single-byte character set (SBCS)/double-byte character set (DBCS) characters. Option for compatibility with Word 6.0 (Japanese).
`\expshrtn`	Expand character spaces on line ending with SHIFT+RETURN. Option for compatibility with Word 6.0 (Japanese).
`\lytexcttp`	Don't center exact line height lines.
`\lytprtmet`	Use printer metrics to lay out document.
`\msmcap`	Small caps like Word for the Macintosh 5.x.
`\nolead`	No external leading. Option for compatibility with Word for the Macintosh 5.x
`\nospaceforul`	Don't add space for underline. Option for compatibility with Word 6.0 (Japanese).
`\noultrlspc`	Don't underline trailing spaces. Option for compatibility with Word 6.0 (Japanese).
`\noxlattoyen`	Don't translate backslash to Yen sign. Option for compatibility with Word 6.0 (Japanese).
`\oldlinewrap`	Lines wrap like Word 6.0.
`\`sprsbsp	Suppress extra line spacing at bottom of page.
`\sprstsm`	Does nothing. This keyword should be ignored.
`\wpjst`	Do full justification like WordPerfect 6.x for Windows.
`\wpsp`	Set the width of a space like WordPerfect 5.x.
`\wptab`	Advance to next tab stop like WordPerfect 6.x.
`\splytwnine`	Don't lay out AutoShapes like Word 97.
`\ftnlytwnine`	Don't lay out footnotes like Word 6.0/95/97.
`\htmautsp`	Use HTML paragraph auto spacing.
`\useltbaln`	Don't forget last tab alignment.
`\alntblind`	Don't align table rows independently.
`\lytcalctblwd`	Don't lay out tables with raw width.
`\lyttblrtgr`	Don't allow table rows to lay out apart.
`\oldas`	Use Word 95 Auto spacing.
`\lnbrkrule`	Don't use Word 97 line breaking rules for Asian text.
`\bdrrlswsix`	Use Word 6.0/95 borders rules.
`\nolnhtadjtbl`	Don't adjust line height in table.
Forms
`\formprot`	This document is protected for forms.
`\allprot`	This document has no unprotected areas.
`\formshade`	This document has form field shading on.
`\formdisp`	This document currently has a forms drop-down box or check box selected.
`\printdata`	This document has print form data only on.
Revision Marks
`\revprot`	This document is protected for revisions. The user can edit the document, but revision marking cannot be disabled.
\revisions	Turns on revision marking.
`\revprop`N	Argument indicates how revised text will be displayed: 0no properties shown 1bold 2 italic 3 underline (default) 4 double underline.
`\revbar`N	Vertical lines mark altered text, based on the argument: 0no marking; 1left margin 2 right margin 3 outside (the default: left on left pages, right on right pages).
Comments (Annotations)
`\annotprot`	This document is protected for comments (annotations). The user cannot edit the document but can insert comments (annotations).
Bidirectional Controls
`\rtldoc`	This document will be formatted to have Arabic-style pagination.
`\ltrdoc`	This document will have English-style pagination (the default).
Click-and-Type
`\cts`N	Index to the style to be used for Click-and-Type (0 is the default).
Kinsoku characters (Far East)
`\jsksu`	Indicates that the strict Kinsoku set must be used for Japanese; `\jsku` should not be present if `\ksulang`N is present and the language N is Japanese.
`\ksulang`N	Indicates what language N the customized kinsoku characters defined in the `\fchars` and `\lchars` destinations belong to.
*\\fchars**	List of following kinsoku characters.
*\\lchars**	List of leading kinsoku characters.
Drawing Grid
\dghspaceN	Drawing grid horizontal spacing in twips (the default is 120).
\dgvspaceN	Drawing grid vertical spacing in twips (the default is 120).
\dghoriginN	Drawing grid horizontal origin in twips (the default is 1701).
\dgvoriginN	Drawing grid vertical origin in twips (the default is 1984).
\dghshowN	Show Nth horizontal gridline (the default is 3).
\dgvshowN	Show Nth vertical gridline (the default is 0).
\dgsnap	Snap to drawing grid.
`\dgmargin`	Drawing grid to follow margins.

Note that the three document-protection control words (\formprot, \revprot, and \annotprot) are mutually exclusive; only one of the three can apply to any given document. Also, there is currently no method for storing passwords in RTF, so any document that associates a password with a protection level will lose the password protection in RTF.

For more information about bidirectional controls, see the section on Bidirectional Language Support in this RTF Specification.

Page Borders
`\pgbrdrhead`	Page border surrounds header.
`\pgbrdrfoot`	Page border surrounds footer.
`\pgbrdrt`	Page border top.
`\pgbrdrb`	Page border bottom.
`\pgbrdrl`	Page border left.
`\pgbrdrr`	Page border right.
`\brdrart`N	Page border art; the N argument is a value from 1-165 representing the number of the border.
`\pgbrdropt`N	8 — Page border measure from text. Always display in front option is set to off. 32 — Page border measure from edge of page. Always display in front option is set to on. 40 — Page border measure from edge of page. Always display in front option is set to off.
`\pgbrdrsnap`	Align paragraph borders and table edges with page border.

The color, width, border style, and border spacing keywords for page borders are the same as the keywords defined for paragraph borders.

Section Text

Each section in the RTF file has the following syntax:

<section> <secfmt>* <hdrftr>? <para>+ (\sect <section>)?

Section Formatting Properties

At the beginning of each section, there may be some section-formatting control words (described as <secfmt> in the section text syntax description). These control words specify section-formatting properties, which apply to the text following the control word, with the exception of the section-break control words (those beginning with \sbk). Section-break control words describe the break preceding the text. These control words can appear anywhere in the section, not just at the start.

Note If the \sectd control word is not present, the current section inherits all section properties defined in the previous section.

The section-formatting control words are listed in the following table.

Control Word	Meaning
`\sect`	New section.
`\sectd`	Reset to default section properties.
`\endnhere`	Endnotes included in the section.
`\binfsxn`N	N is the printer bin used for the first page of the section. If this control is not defined, then the first page uses the same printer bin as defined by the \binsxnN control.
`\binsxn`N	N is the printer bin used for the pages of the section.
`\ds`N	Designates section style. If a section style is specified, style properties must be specified with the section.
`\pnseclvl`N	Used for multilevel lists. This property sets the default numbering style for each corresponding `\pnlvl`N control word (bullets and numbering property for paragraphs) within that section. This is a destination control word.
`\sectunlocked`	This section is unlocked for forms.
Section Break
`\sbknone`	No section break.
`\sbkcol`	Section break starts a new column.
`\sbkpage`	Section break starts a new page (the default).
`\sbkeven`	Section break starts at an even page.
`\sbkodd`	Section break starts at an odd page.
Columns
`\cols`N	Number of columns for "snaking" (the default is 1).
`\colsx`N	Space between columns in twips (the default is 720).
`\colno`N	Column number to be formatted; used to specify formatting for variable-width columns.
`\colsr`N	Space to right of column in twips; used to specify formatting for variable-width columns.
`\colw`N	Width of column in twips; used to override the default constant width setting for variable-width columns.
`\linebetcol`	Line between columns.
Line Numbering
`\linemod`N	Line-number modulus amount to increase each line number (the default is 1).
`\linex`N	Distance from the line number to the left text margin in twips (the default is 360). The automatic distance is 0.
`\linestarts`N	Beginning line number (the default is 1).
`\linerestart`	Line numbers restart at `\linestarts` value.
`\lineppage`	Line numbers restart on each page.
`\linecont`	Line numbers continue from the preceding section.
Page Information
`\pgwsxn`N	N is the page width in twips. A `\sectd` resets the value to that specified by `\paperw`N in the document properties.
`\pghsxn`N	N is the page height in twips. A `\sectd` resets the value to that specified by `\paperh`N in the document properties.
`\marglsxn`N	N is the left margin of the page in twips. A `\sectd` resets the value to that specified by `\margl`N in the document properties.
`\margrsxn`N	N is the right margin of the page in twips. A `\sectd` resets the value to that specified by `\margr`N in the document properties.
`\margtsxn`N	N is the top margin of the page in twips. A `\sectd` resets the value to that specified by `\margt`N in the document properties.
`\margbsxn`N	N is the bottom margin of the page in twips. A `\sectd` resets the value to that specified by `\margb`N in the document properties.
`\guttersxn`N	N is the width of the gutter margin for the section in twips. A `\sectd` resets the value to that specified by \gutterN from the document properties. If Facing Pages is turned off, the gutter will be added to the left margin of all pages. If Facing Pages is turned on, the gutter will be added to the left side of odd-numbered pages and the right side of even-numbered pages.
`\margmirsxn`	Switches margin definitions on left and right pages. Used in conjunction with `\facingp`.
`\lndscpsxn`	Page orientation is in landscape format. To mix portrait and landscape sections within a document, the `\landscape` control should not be used so that the default for a section is portrait, which may be overridden by the `\lndscpsxn` control.
`\titlepg`	First page has a special format.
`\headery`N	Header is N twips from the top of the page (the default is 720).
`\footery`N	Footer is N twips from the bottom of the page (the default is 720).
Page Numbers
`\pgnstarts`N	Beginning page number (the default is 1).
`\pgncont`	Continuous page numbering (the default).
`\pgnrestart`	Page numbers restart at `\pgnstarts` value.
`\pgnx`N	Page number is N twips from the right margin (the default is 720). This control word is understood but not used by current versions (6.0 or later) of Word.
`\pgny`N	Page number is N twips from the top margin (the default is 720). This control word is understood but not used by current versions (6.0 or later) of Word.
`\pgndec`	Page-number format is decimal.
`\pgnucrm`	Page-number format is uppercase roman numeral.
`\pgnlcrm`	Page-number format is lowercase roman numeral.
`\pgnucltr`	Page-number format is uppercase letter.
`\pgnlcltr`	Page-number format is lowercase letter.
`\pgnbidia`	Page-number format is Abjad Jawaz if language is Arabic and Biblical Standard if language is Hebrew.
`\pgnbidib`	Page-number format is Alif Ba Tah if language is Arabic and Non-standard Decimal if language is Hebrew.
`\pgnchosung`	Korean numbering 1 (* chosung).
`\pgncnum`	Circle numbering (*circlenum).
\pgndbnum	Kanji numbering without the digit character.
\pgndbnumd	Kanji numbering with the digit character.
`\pgndbnumt`	Kanji numbering 3 (*dbnum3).
`\pgndbnumk`	Kanji numbering 4 (*dbnum4).
\pgndecd	Double-byte decimal numbering.
`\pgnganada`	Korean numbering 2 (*ganada)
`\pgngbnum`	Chinese numbering 1 (*gb1).
`\pgngbnumd`	Chinese numbering 2 (*gb2).
`\pgngbnuml`	Chinese numbering 3 (*gb3).
`\pgngbnumk`	Chinese numbering 4 (*gb4).
`\pgnzodiac`	Chinese Zodiac numbering 1 (*zodiac1).
`\pgnzodiacd`	Chinese Zodiac numbering 2 (*zodiac2).
`\pgnzodiacl`	Chinese Zodiac numbering 3 (*zodiac3).
`\pgnhn`N	Indicates which heading level is used to prefix a heading number to the page number. This control word can only be used in conjunction with numbered heading styles. 0 specifies to not show heading level (the default). Values 1-9 correspond to heading levels 1 through 9.
`\pgnhnsh`	Hyphen separator character. This separator and the successive ones appear between the heading level number and the page number.
`\pgnhnsp`	Period separator character.
`\pgnhnsc`	Colon separator character.
`\pgnhnsm`	Em-dash (—) separator character.
`\pgnhnsn`	En-dash (–) separator character.
Vertical Alignment
`\vertalt`	Text is top-aligned (the default).
`\vertalb`	Text is bottom-aligned.
`\vertalc`	Text is centered vertically.
`\vertalj`	Text is justified vertically.
Bidirectional Controls
`\rtlsect`	This section will snake (newspaper style) columns from right to left.
`\ltrsect`	This section will snake (newspaper style) columns from left to right (the default).
Asian Controls
\horzsect	Horizontal rendering.
\vertsect	Vertical rendering.
Text Flow
`\`stextflow	Section property for specifying text flow. 0 — Text flows left to right and top to bottom 1 — Text flows top to bottom and right to left, vertical 2 — Text flows left to right and bottom to top 3 — Text flows right to left and top to bottom 4 — Text flows left to right and top to bottom, vertical 5 — Text flows vertically, non-vertical font
Page Borders
`\pgbrdrhead`	Page border surrounds header.
`\pgbrdrfoot`	Page border surrounds footer.
`\pgbrdrt`	Page border top.
`\pgbrdrb`	Page border bottom.
`\pgbrdrl`	Page border left.
`\pgbrdrr`	Page border right.
`\brdrart`N	Page border art; the N argument is a value from 1-165 representing the number of the border.
`\pgbrdropt`N	8 — Page border measure from text. Always display in front option is set to off. 32 — Page border measure from edge of page. Always display in front option is set to on. 40 — Page border measure from edge of page. Always display in front option is set to off.
`\pgbrdrsnap`	Align paragraph borders and table edges with page border.
Line and Character Grid
`\sectexpand`N	Character space basement (character pitch minus font size) N in device independent units (a device independent unit is 1/294912^th of an inch).
`\sectlinegrid`N	Line grid, where N is the line pitch in 20ths of a point.
`\sectdefaultcl`	Default state of section. Indicates `\sectspecifycl` and `\sectspecifyl` are not emitted.
`\sectspecifycl`	Specify number of characters per line only.
`\sectspecifyl`	Specify both number of characters per line and number of lines per page.
`\sectspecifygenN`	Indicates that text should snap to the character grid. Note that the N is part of the keyword.

The color, width, border style, and border spacing keywords for page borders are the same as the keywords defined for paragraph borders.

Headers and Footers

Headers and footers are RTF destinations. Each section in the document can have its own set of headers and footers. If no headers or footers are defined for a given section, the headers and footers from the previous section (if any) are used. Headers and footers have the following syntax:

<hdrftr>	'{' <hdrctl> <para>+ '}' <hdrftr>?
<hdrctl>	`\header` \| `\footer` \| \headerl \| `\headerr` \| `\headerf` \| `\footerl` \| \footerr \| `\footerf`

Note Each separate <hdrftr> group must have a distinct <hdrctl> introducing it.

Control Word	Meaning
`\header`	Header on all pages. This is a destination control word.
`\footer`	Footer on all pages. This is a destination control word.
`\headerl`	Header on left pages only. This is a destination control word.
`\headerr`	Header on right pages only. This is a destination control word.
`\headerf`	Header on first page only. This is a destination control word.
`\footerl`	Footer on left pages only. This is a destination control word.
`\footerr`	Footer on right pages only. This is a destination control word.
`\footerf`	Footer on first page only. This is a destination control word.

The \headerl, \headerr, \footerl, and \footerr control words are used in conjunction with the \facingp control word, and the \headerf and \footerf control words are used in conjunction with the \titlepg control word. Many RTF readers will not function correctly if the appropriate document properties are not set. In particular, if \facingp is not set, then only \header and \footer should be used; if \facingp is set, then only \headerl, \headerr, \footerl, and \footerr should be used. Combining both \facingp and \titlepg is allowed. You should not use \header to set the headers for both pages when \facingp is set. You can use \headerf if \titlepg is not set, but no header will appear. For more information, see Document Formatting Properties and Section Formatting Properties in this RTF Specification.

If the previous section had a first page header or footer and had \titlepg set, and the current section does not, then the previous section's first page header or footer is disabled. However, it is not destroyed; if subsequent sections have \titlepg set, then the first page header or footer is restored.

Paragraph Text

There are two kinds of paragraphs: plain and table. A table is a collection of paragraphs, and a table row is a continuous sequence of paragraphs partitioned into cells. The \intbl paragraph-formatting control word identifies the paragraph as part of a table. For more information, see the Table Definitions section of this RTF Specification. This control is inherited between paragraphs that do not have paragraph properties reset with \pard.

<para>	<textpar> \| <row>
<textpar>	<pn>? <brdrdef>? <parfmt>* <apoctl>* <tabdef>? <shading>? (`\`subdocument \| <char>+) (`\par` <para>)?
<row>	(<tbldef> <cell>+ <tbldef> `\row`) \| (<tbldef> <cell>+ `\row`) \| (<cell>+ <tbldef> `\row`)
<cell>	(<nestrow>? <tbldef>?) & <textpar>+ `\cell`
<nestrow>	<nestcell>+ '{\'`\nesttableprops`* <tbldef> `\nestrow` '}'
<nestcell>	<textpar>+ `\nestcell`

Paragraph Formatting Properties

These control words (described as <parfmt> in the paragraph-text syntax description) specify generic paragraph formatting properties. These control words can appear anywhere in the body of the paragraph, not just at the beginning.

Note If the \pard control word is not present, the current paragraph inherits all paragraph properties defined in the previous paragraph.

The paragraph-formatting control words are listed in the following table.

Control Word	Meaning
`\par`	New paragraph.
`\` pard	Resets to default paragraph properties.
`\hyphpar`	Toggles automatic hyphenation for the paragraph. Append 1 or nothing to toggle property on; append 0 to turn it off.
`\intbl`	Paragraph is part of a table.
`\itap`N	Paragraph nesting level, where 0 is the main document, 1 is a table cell, 2 is a nested table cell, 3 is a doubly nested table cell, and so forth. The default is 1.
`\keep`	Keep paragraph intact.
`\keepn`	Keep paragraph with the next paragraph.
`\level`N	N is the outline level of the paragraph.
`\noline`	No line numbering.
`\nowidctlpar`	No widow/orphan control. This is a paragraph-level property and is used to override the document-level `\widowctrl`.
`\widctlpar`	Widow/orphan control is used for the current paragraph. This is a paragraph property used to override the absence of the document-level `\widowctrl`
`\`outlinelevelN	Outline level of paragraph. The N argument is a value from 0-8 representing the outline level of the paragraph. In the default case, no outline level is specified (same as body text).
`\pagebb`	Break page before the paragraph.
`\sbys`	Side-by-side paragraphs.
`\s`N	Designates paragraph style. If a paragraph style is specified, style properties must be specified with the paragraph. N references an entry in the stylesheet.
Alignment
`\qc`	Centered.
`\qj`	Justified.
`\ql`	Left-aligned (the default).
`\qr`	Right-aligned.
\qd	Distributed.
Font Alignment
`\faauto`	Font alignment the default setting for this is "Auto."
\fahang	Font alignment �mdash;> Hanging.
\facenter	Font alignment �mdash;> Center.
\faroman	Font alignment �mdash;> Roman (default).
\favar	Font alignment �mdash;> Upholding variable.
\fafixed	Font alignment ? Upholding fixed.
Indentation
`\fi`N	First-line indent (the default is 0).
`\cufi`N	First-line indent in hundredths of a character unit; overrides `\fi`N although they should both be emitted with equivalent values.
`\li`N	Left indent (the default is 0).
`\lin`N	Left indent for left-to-right paragraphs; right indent for right-to-left paragraphs (the default is 0). It defines space before the paragraph.
`\culi`N	Left indent (space before) in hundredths of a character unit. Behaves like \linN and overrides `\li`N and `\lin`N although they should all be emitted with equivalent values.
`\ri`N	Right indent (the default is 0).
`\rin`N	Right indent for left-to-right paragraphs; left indent for right-to-left paragraphs (the default is 0). It defines space after the paragraph.
`\curi`N	Right indent (space after) in hundredths of a character unit. Behaves like \rinN and overrides `\ri`N and `\rin`N although they should all be emitted with equivalent values.
`\adjustright`	Automatically adjust right indent when document grid is defined.
Spacing
`\sb`N	Space before (the default is 0).
`\sa`N	Space after (the default is 0).
`\sbauto`N	Auto spacing before: 0 — Space before determined by `\sb`. 1 — Space before is Auto (ignores `\sb`). The default is 0.
`\saauto`N	Auto spacing after: 0 — Space after determined by `\sa`. 1 — Space after is Auto (ignores `\sa`). The default is 0.
`\lisb`N	Space before in hundredths of a character unit. Overrides `\sb`N although they should both be emitted with equivalent values.
\lisaN	Space after in hundredths of a character unit. Overrides `\sa`N although they should both be emitted with equivalent values.
`\sl`N	Space between lines. If this control word is missing or if `\sl0` is used, the line spacing is automatically determined by the tallest character in the line. If N is a positive value, this size is used only if it is taller than the tallest character (otherwise, the tallest character is used). If N is a negative value, the absolute value of N is used, even if it is shorter than the tallest character.
`\slmult`N	Line spacing multiple. Indicates that the current line spacing is a multiple of "Single" line spacing. This control word can follow only the \sl control word and works in conjunction with it. 0"At Least" or "Exactly" line spacing. 1 — Multiple line spacing, relative to "Single."
`\nosnaplinegrid`	Disable snap line to grid.
Subdocuments
`\subdocument`N	This indicates that a subdocument in a master document/subdocument relationship should occur here. N represents an index into the file table. This control word must be the only item in a paragraph.
Bidirectional Controls
`\rtlpar`	Text in this paragraph will be displayed with right-to-left precedence.
`\ltrpar`	Text in this paragraph will be displayed with left-to-right precedence (the default).
Asian Typography
\nocwrap	No character wrapping.
\nowwrap	No word wrapping.
\nooverflow	No overflow period and comma.
\aspalpha	Auto spacing between DBC and English.
\aspnum	Auto spacing between DBC and numbers.
Pocket Word
`\collapsed`	Paragraph property active in Outline view that specifies that the paragraph is collapsed (not viewed).

Tabs

Any paragraph may have its own set of tabs. Tabs must follow this syntax:

<tabdef>	(<tab> \| <bartab>)+
<tab>	<tabkind>? <tablead>? *`\tx`*
<bartab>	<tablead>? *`\tb`*
<tabkind>	`\tqr` \| `\tqc` \| `\tqdec`
<tablead>	`\tldot` \| \tlmdot \| \tlhyph \| `\tlul` \| `\tlth` \| `\tleq`

Control Word	Meaning
`\tx`N	Tab position in twips from the left margin.
`\tqr`	Flush-right tab.
`\tqc`	Centered tab.
`\tqdec`	Decimal tab.
`\tb`N	Bar tab position in twips from the left margin.
`\tldot`	Leader dots.
\tlmdot	Leader middle dots.
`\tlhyph`	Leader hyphens.
`\tlul`	Leader underline.
`\tlth`	Leader thick line.
`\tleq`	Leader equal sign.

Bullets and Numbering

Word 6.0/95 RTF

To provide compatibility with existing RTF readers, all applications that can automatically format paragraphs with bullets or numbers will also emit the generated text as plain text in the \pntext group. This will allow existing RTF readers to capture the plain text and safely ignore the autonumber instructions. This group precedes all bulleted or numbered paragraphs, and will contain all the text and formatting that would be auto-generated. It should precede the '{'\*\pn ... '}' destination, and it is the responsibility of RTF readers that understand the '{'\*\pn ... '}' destination to ignore the \pntext group.

<pn>	<pnseclvl> \| <pnpara>
<pnseclvl>	'{\' \pnseclvl* <pndesc>'}'
<pnpara>	<pntext> <pnprops>
<pntext>	'{' \pntext <char> '}'
<pnprops>	'{\*' \pn <pnlevel> <pndesc>'}'
<pnlevel>	\*pnlvl* \| `\pnlvlblt` \| `\pnlvlbody` \| `\pnlvlcont`
<pndesc>	<pnnstyle> & <pnchrfmt> & <pntxtb> & <pntxta> & <pnfmt>
<pnnstyle>	\pncard \| \pndec \| \pnucltr \| \pnucrm \| \pnlcltr \| \pnlcrm \| \pnord \| \pnordt \| `\pnbidia` \| `\pnbidib` \| \pnaiu \| \pnaiud \| \pnaiueo \| \pnaiueod \| \pnchosung \| \pncnum \| \pndbnum \| \pndbnumd \| \pndbnumk \| \pndbnuml \| \pndbnumt \| \pndecd \| \pnganada \| \pnganada \| \pngbnum \| \pngbnumd \| \pngbnumk \| \pngbnuml \| \pniroha \| \pnirohad \| \pnuldash \| \pnuldashd \| \pnuldashdd \| \pnulhair \| \pnulth \| \pnulwave \| \pnzodiac \| \pnzodiacd \| `\pnzodiacl`
<pnchrfmt>	*`\pnf`? & `\pnfs`? & `\pnb`? & `\pni`? & `\pncaps`? & `\pnscaps`? & <pnul>? & `\pnstrike`? & `\pncf`*?
<pnul>	`\pnul` \| `\pnuld` \| `\pnuldb` \| `\pnulnone` \| `\pnulw`
<pnfmt>	`\pnnumonce`? & `\pnacross`? & *`\pnindent`? & `\pnsp`? & `\pnprev`? & <pnjust>? & `\pnstart`? & `\pnhang`? & `\pnrestart`*?
<pnjust>	`\pnqc` \| `\pnql` \| `\pnqr`
<pntxtb>	'{' `\pntxtb` #PCDATA'}'
<pntxta>	'{' `\pntxta` #PCDATA'}'

Settings below marked with an asterisk can be turned off by appending 0 to the control word.

Control Word	Definition
`\pntext`	This group precedes all numbered/bulleted paragraphs, and contains all auto-generated text and formatting. It should precede the '*`{\`'\pn ... '}' destination, and it is the responsibility of RTF readers that understand the '`{\`'\pn* ... '}' destination to ignore this preceding group. This is a destination control word.
`\pn`	Turns on paragraph numbering. This is a destination control word.
`\pnlvl`N	Paragraph level, where N is a level from 1 to 9. Default set by `\pnseclvl`N section formatting property.
`\pnlvlblt`	Bulleted paragraph (corresponds to level 11). The actual character used for the bullet is stored in the `\pntxtb` group.
`\pnlvlbody`	Simple paragraph numbering (corresponds to level 10).
`\pnlvlcont`	Continue numbering but do not display number ("skip numbering").
`\pnnumonce`	Number each cell only once in a table (the default is to number each paragraph in a table).
`\pnacross`	Number across rows (the default is to number down columns).
`\pnhang`	Paragraph uses a hanging indent.
`\pnrestart`	Restart numbering after each section break. Note that this control word is used only in conjunction with the Heading Numbering feature (applying multilevel numbering to Heading style definitions).
`\pncard`	Cardinal numbering (One, Two, Three).
`\pndec`	Decimal numbering (1, 2, 3).
`\pnucltr`	Uppercase alphabetic numbering (A, B, C).
`\pnucrm`	Uppercase roman numbering (I, II, III).
`\pnlcltr`	Lowercase alphabetic numbering (a, b, c).
`\pnlcrm`	Lowercase roman numbering. (i, ii, iii).
`\pnord`	Ordinal numbering (1st, 2nd, 3rd).
`\pnordt`	Ordinal text numbering (First, Second, Third).
`\pnbidia`	Abjad Jawaz if language is Arabic and Biblical Standard if language is Hebrew.
`\pnbidib`	Alif Ba Tah if language is Arabic and Non-standard Decimal if language is Hebrew.
\pnaiu	46 phonetic katakana characters in "aiueo" order (*`\`aiueo**).
\pnaiud	46 phonetic double-byte katakana characters (*`\`aiueo\dbchar*).
`\pnaiueo`	46 phonetic Katakana characters in "aiueo" order (*aiueo).
`\pnaiueod`	46 phonetic double-byte Katakana characters (aiueodbchar).
`\pnchosung`	Korean numbering 2 (*chosung).
\pncnum	20 numbered list in circle (*`\`circlenum**).
\pndbnum	Kanji numbering without the digit character (*`\`dbnum1**).
`\pndbnumd`	Kanji numbering with the digit character (*dbnum2).
`\pndbnumk`	Kanji numbering 4 (*dbnum4).
`\pndbnuml`	Kanji numbering 3 (*dbnum3).
`\pndbnumt`	Kanji numbering 3 (*dbnum3).
\pndecd	Double-byte decimal numbering (*`\`arabic\dbchar*).
`\pnganada`	Korean numbering 2 (*ganada).
`\pnganada`	Korean numbering 1 (*ganada).
`\pngbnum`	Chinese numbering 1 (*gb1).
`\pngbnumd`	Chinese numbering 2 (*gb2).
`\pngbnumk`	Chinese numbering 4 (*gb4).
`\pngbnuml`	Chinese numbering 3 (*gb3).
\pniroha	46 phonetic katakana characters in "iroha" order (*`\`iroha**).
\pnirohad	46 phonetic double-byte katakana characters (*`\`iroha\dbchar*).
\pnuldash	Dashed underline.
\pnuldashd	Dash-dotted underline.
\pnuldashdd	Dash-dot-dotted underline.
\pnulhair	Hairline underline.
\pnulth	Thick underline.
\pnulwave	Wave underline.
`\pnzodiac`	Chinese Zodiac numbering 1 (*zodiac1).
`\pnzodiacd`	Chinese Zodiac numbering 2 (*zodiac2).
`\pnzodiacl`	Chinese Zodiac numbering 3 (*zodiac3).
`\pnb`	Bold numbering.*
`\pni`	Italic numbering.*
`\pncaps`	All Caps numbering.*
`\pnscaps`	Small Caps numbering.*
`\pnul`	Continuous underline.*
`\pnuld`	Dotted underline.
`\pnuldb`	Double underline.
`\pnulnone`	Turns off underlining.
`\pnulw`	Word underline.
`\pnstrike`	Strikethrough numbering.*
`\pncf`N	Foreground color—index into color table (the default is 0).
`\pnf`N	Font number.
`\pnfs`N	Font size (in half-points).
`\pnindent`N	Minimum distance from margin to body text.
`\pnsp`N	Distance from number text to body text.
`\pnprev`	Used for multilevel lists. Include information from previous level in this level; for example, 1, 1.1, 1.1.1, 1.1.1.1
`\pnqc`	Centered numbering.
`\pnql`	Left-justified numbering.
`\pnqr`	Right-justified numbering.
`\pnstart`N	Start at number.
`\pntxta`	Text after. This group contains the text that succeeds the number. This is a destination control word.
`\pntxtb`	Text before. This group contains the text that precedes the number. This is a destination control word.

Note The limit is 32 characters total for the sum of text before and text after for simple numbering. Multilevel numbering has a limit of 64 characters total for the sum of all levels.

Word 97-2000 RTF

Each paragraph that is part of a list must contain some keyword to indicate which list it is in, and which level of the list it belongs to. Word 97-2000 also provides the flat-text representation of each number (in the \listtext destination); so, RTF readers that don't understand Word 97 numbering will get the paragraph number, together with appropriate character properties, inserted into their document at the beginning of the paragraph. Any RTF reader that does understand Word 97-2000 numbering should ignore the entire \listtext destination.

Control Word	Meaning
`\ls`	Should exactly match the ls for one of the list overrides in the List Override table.
`\ilvl`	The 0-based level of the list to which the paragraph belongs. For all simple lists, this should always be 0 . For multilevel lists, it can be 0-8.
`\listtext`	Contains the flat-text representation of the number, including character properties. Should be ignored by any reader that understands Word 97-2000 numbering. This is a destination control word.

Revision Marks for Paragraph Numbers

Paragraph numbers and ListNum fields track revision information with special properties applied to the paragraph mark and ListNum field, respectively. The special properties hold the "old" value of the number—the value it held when revision-mark tracking began. At display time, Word checks the number's current value and compares it with this "old" value to tell if it has changed. If the numbers are different, the old value shows up as deleted and the new value as inserted; if the numbers are the same, Word displays the new value normally, with no revision information. If there was no old value, the new value shows up as inserted. The following table lists the RTF specifications for these special properties.

Track Changes (Revision Mark) Properties for Paragraph Numbers
`\pnrauth`N	Index into the revision table. The content of the Nth group in the revision table is considered to be the author of that revision. Note This keyword is used to indicate paragraph number revisions.
`\pnrdate`N	Time of the revision. The 32-bit DTTM structure is emitted as a long integer.
`\pnrnot`	Indicates if the paragraph number for the current paragraph is marked as "inserted."
`\`pnrxstN	The keywords `\pnrxst`, `\pnrrgb`, `\pnrpnbr`, and `\pnrnfc` describe the "deleted number" text for the paragraph number. Their values are binary. Each of these keywords is represented as an array. The deleted number is written out with a `\pnrstart` keyword, followed by the array's keyword, followed by the first byte of the array, followed by the array's keyword, followed by the second byte of the array's keyword, followed by the array's keyword, followed by the third byte of the array's keyword, and so on. This sequence is followed by the `\pnrstop` keyword. `\pnrxst` is a 32-item Unicode character array (double bytes for each character) with a length byte as the first number—it has the actual text of the number, with "level" place holders written out as digits from 0-8.

`\`pnrrgbN	Nine-item array of indices of the level place holders in the \pnrxst array.
`\`pnrnfcN	Nine-item array containing the number format codes of each level (using the same values as the `\levelnfc` keyword). The number format code is represented as a short integer.
`\`pnrpnbrN	Nine-item array of the actual values of the number in each level. The number is represented as a long integer
`\`pnrstartN	The `\pnrxst`, \pnrrgb, \pnrpnbr, and `\pnrnfc` arrays are each preceded by the `\pnrstart` keyword, whose argument is 0-3 depending on the array.
`\`pnrstopN	The `\pnrxst`, \pnrrgb, \pnrpnbr, and \pnrnfc arrays are each terminated by the `\pnrstop` keyword, whose argument is the number of bytes written out in the array.

Example:

Take an example of the number "3-4b," which represents the third level of the list. The following table lists the values of each array.

Array	Binary	Comment
pnrxst	\'05\'00-\'01\'02	The length of the string is 5. Then, first level (level 0), followed by a dash, followed by the second and third levels (levels 1 and 2), followed by a period.
pnrrgb	\'01\'03\'04	The level placeholders are at indices 1, 3, and 4 in the string.
pnrnfc	\'00\'00\'04	The nfc values are Arabic (0), Arabic (0), and lowercase letter (4).
pnrpnbr	\'03\'04\'02	The numbers or 3, 4, and 2 (b)

Here is the RTF for this number:

\pnrstart0
\pnrxst0\pnrxst5\pnrxst0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst45
\pnrxst0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst3\pnrxst0\pnrxst46
\pnrstop12

\pnrstart1
\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb3\pnrrgb4
\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0
\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0
\pnrstop9

\pnrstart2
\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4
\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0
\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0
\pnrstop18

\pnrstart3
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr3
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr4
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr2
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0
\pnrstop36

Control Word	Meaning
Track Changes (Revision Mark) Properties for ListNum Fields
`\`dfrauthN	Index into the revision table. The content of the Nth group in the revision table is considered the author of that revision. Note This keyword is used to indicate the deleted value of a ListNum field.
`\`dfrdateN	Time of the revision. The 32-bit DTTM structure is emitted as a long integer.
`\`dfrxst	Unicode character array with a length byte.
`\`dfrstart	The \dfrxst array is preceded by the `\dfrstart` keyword.
`\`dfrstop	The \dfrxst array is terminated by the `\dfrstop` keyword.

Example:

Take the sample example from above. The deleted value is "3-4b." The RTF would then be

\dfrstart0\dfrxst0\dfrxst5\dfrxst0\dfrxst51\dfrxst0\dfrxst45\dfrxst0\dfrxst52
\dfrxst0\dfrxst66\dfrxst0\dfrxst46\dfrstop10

where 5 is the length byte, 51 is Unicode for "3", 45 is Unicode for "-", 52 is Unicode for "4", and so on.

Paragraph Borders

Paragraph borders have the following syntax:

<brdrdef>	(<brdrseg> <brdr> )+
<brdrseg>	`\brdrt` \| `\brdrb` \| `\brdrl` \| `\brdrr` \| `\brdrbtw` \| `\brdrbar` \| `\box`
<brdr>	<brdrk> *`\brdrw`? `\brsp`? `\brdrcf`*?
<brdrk>	`\brdrs` \| \brdrth \| \brdrsh \| \brdrdb \| \brdrdot \| \brdrdash \| \brdrhair \| brdrinset \| \brdrdashsm \| `\brdrdashd` \| \brdrdashdd \| \brdrtriple \| \brdrtnthsg \| \brdrthtnsg \| \brdrtnthtnsg \| \brdrtnthmg \| \brdrthtnmg \| \brdrtnthtnmg \| \brdrtnthlg \| \brdrthtnlg \| \brdrtnthtnlg \| \brdrwavy \| \brdrwavydb \| \brdrdashdotstr \| \brdremboss \| \brdrengrave \brdroutset \| \ brdrnone

Control Word	Meaning
`\brdrt`	Border top.
`\brdrb`	Border bottom.
`\brdrl`	Border left.
`\brdrr`	Border right.
`\brdrbtw`	Consecutive paragraphs with identical border formatting are considered part of a single group with the border information applying to the entire group. To have borders around individual paragraphs within the group, the `\brdrbtw` control must be specified for that paragraph.
`\brdrbar`	Border outside (right side of odd-numbered pages, left side of even-numbered pages).
`\box`	Border around the paragraph (box paragraph).
`\brdrs`	Single-thickness border.
`\brdrth`	Double-thickness border.
`\brdrsh`	Shadowed border.
`\brdrdb`	Double border.
`\brdrdot`	Dotted border.
`\brdrdash`	Dashed border.
`\brdrhair`	Hairline border.
`\brdrinset`	Inset border.
`\brdrdashsm`	Dash border (small).
`\brdrdashd`	Dot dash border.
`\brdrdashdd`	Dot dot dash border.
`\brdroutset`	Outset border.
`\brdrtriple`	Triple border.
`\brdrtnthsg`	Thick thin border (small).
`\brdrthtnsg`	Thin thick border (small).
`\brdrtnthtnsg`	Thin thick thin border (small).
`\brdrtnthmg`	Thick thin border (medium).
`\brdrthtnmg`	Thin thick border (medium).
`\brdrtnthtnmg`	Thin thick thin border (medium).
`\brdrtnthlg`	Thick thin border (large).
`\brdrthtnlg`	Thin thick border (large).
`\brdrtnthtnlg`	Thin thick thin border (large).
`\brdrwavy`	Wavy border.
`\brdrwavydb`	Double wavy border.
`\brdrdashdotstr`	Striped border.
`\brdremboss`	Emboss border.
`\brdrengrave`	Engrave border.
`\brdrframe`	Border resembles a "Frame."
`\brdrw`N	N is the width in twips of the pen used to draw the paragraph border line. N cannot be greater than 75. To obtain a larger border width, the *`\brdth`* control word can be used to obtain a width double that of N.
`\brdrcf`N	N is the color of the paragraph border, specified as an index into the color table in the RTF header.
`\brsp`N	Space in twips between borders and the paragraph.

Paragraph Shading

Paragraph shading has the following syntax:

<shading>	(*`\shading`* \| <pat>) `\`cfpat? `\`cbpat?
<pat>	`\bghoriz` \| `\bgvert` \| `\bgfdiag` \| `\bgbdiag` \| `\bgcross` \| `\bgdcross` \| `\bgdkhoriz` \| `\bgdkvert` \| `\bgdkfdiag` \| `\bgdkbdiag` \| `\bgdkcross` \| `\bgdkdcross`

Control Word	Meaning
`\shading`N	N is the shading of the paragraph in hundredths of a percent.
`\bghoriz`	Specifies a horizontal background pattern for the paragraph.
`\bgvert`	Specifies a vertical background pattern for the paragraph.
`\bgfdiag`	Specifies a forward diagonal background pattern for the paragraph (\\\\).
`\bgbdiag`	Specifies a backward diagonal background pattern for the paragraph (////).
`\bgcross`	Specifies a cross background pattern for the paragraph.
`\bgdcross`	Specifies a diagonal cross background pattern for the paragraph.
`\bgdkhoriz`	Specifies a dark horizontal background pattern for the paragraph.
`\bgdkvert`	Specifies a dark vertical background pattern for the paragraph.
`\bgdkfdiag`	Specifies a dark forward diagonal background pattern for the paragraph (`\\\\`).
`\bgdkbdiag`	Specifies a dark backward diagonal background pattern for the paragraph (////).
`\bgdkcross`	Specifies a dark cross background pattern for the paragraph.
`\bgdkdcross`	Specifies a dark diagonal cross background pattern for the paragraph.
`\cfpat`N	N is the fill color, specified as an index into the document's color table.
`\cbpat`N	N is the background color of the background pattern, specified as an index into the document's color table.

Positioned Objects and Frames

The following paragraph-formatting control words specify the location of a paragraph on the page. Consecutive paragraphs with the same frame formatting are considered part of the same frame. For two framed paragraphs to appear at the same position on a page, they must be separated by a paragraph with different or no frame information.

Note that if any paragraph in a table row has any of these control words specified, then all paragraphs in the table row must have the same control words specified, either by inheriting the properties from the previous paragraph or by re-specifying the controls.

Paragraph positioning has the following syntax:

<apoctl>	<framesize> & <horzpos> & <vertpos> & <txtwrap> & <dropcap> & <txtflow> & `\`absnoovrlp?
<framesize>	*`\absw`? & `\absh`*?
<horzpos>	<hframe> & <hdist>
<vertpos>	<vframe> & <vdist>
<txtwrap>	`\nowrap`? & *`\dxfrtext`? & \dfrmtxtx? &`\dfrmtxty`*?
<dropcap>	*`\dropcapli`? & `\dropcapt`*?
<hframe>	`\phmrg`? \| `\phpg`? \| `\phcol`?
<hdist>	*`\posx`? \| `\posnegx`? \| `\posxc`? \| `\posxi`? \| `\posxo`? \| `\posxl`? \| `\posxr`*?
<vframe>	`\pvmrg`? \| `\pvpg`? \| `\pvpara`?
<vdist>	*`\posy`? \| `\posnegy`? \| `\posyt`? \| `\posyil`? \| `\posyb`? \| `\posyc`? \| `\posyin`? \| `\posyout`? & `\abslock`*?
<txtflow>	`\`frmtxlrtb \| `\frmtxtbrl` \| `\frmtxbtlr` \| `\frmtxlrtbv` \| `\frmtxtbrlv`

Control Word	Meaning
Frame Size
`\absw`N	N is the width of the frame in twips.
`\absh`N	N is the height of the frame in twips. A positive number indicates the minimum height of the frame and a negative number indicates the exact height of the frame. A value of zero indicates that the height of the frame adjusts to the contents of the frame. This is the default for frames where no height is given.
Horizontal Position
`\phmrg`	Use the margin as the horizontal reference frame.
`\phpg`	Use the page as the horizontal reference frame.
`\phcol`	Use the column as the horizontal reference frame. This is the default if no horizontal reference frame is given.
`\posx`N	Positions the frame N twips from the left edge of the reference frame.
`\posnegx`N	Same as `\posx` but allows arbitrary negative values.
`\posxc`	Centers the frame horizontally within the reference frame.
`\posxi`	Positions the paragraph horizontally inside the reference frame.
`\posxo`	Positions the paragraph horizontally outside the reference frame.
`\posxr`	Positions the paragraph to the right within the reference frame.
`\posxl`	Positions the paragraph to the left within the reference frame. This is the default if no horizontal positioning information is given.
Vertical Position
`\pvmrg`	Positions the reference frame vertically relative to the margin. This is the default if no vertical frame positioning information is given.
`\pvpg`	Positions the reference frame vertically relative to the page.
`\pvpara`	Positions the reference frame vertically relative to the top left corner of the next unframed paragraph in the RTF stream.
`\posy`N	Positions the paragraph N twips from the top edge of the reference frame.
`\posnegy`N	Same as `\posy` but allows arbitrary negative values.
`\posyil`	Positions the paragraph vertically to be in-line.
`\posyt`	Positions the paragraph at the top of the reference frame.
`\posyc`	Centers the paragraph vertically within the reference frame.
`\posyb`	Positions the paragraph at the bottom of the reference frame.
`\`posyin	Positions the paragraph vertically inside the reference frame.
`\`posyout	Positions the paragraph vertically outside the reference frame.
`\`abslockN	Lock anchor: 0 — Do not lock anchor (default). 1 — Locks a frame anchor to the current paragraph that it is associated with.
Text Wrapping
`\nowrap`	Prevents text from flowing around the positioned object.
`\dxfrtext`N	Distance in twips of a positioned paragraph from text in the main text flow in all directions.
`\dfrmtxtx`N	N is the horizontal distance in twips from text on both sides of the frame.
`\dfrmtxty`N	N is the vertical distance in twips from text on both sides of the frame.
`\`overlay	Text flows underneath frame.
Drop Caps
`\dropcapli`N	Number of lines drop cap is to occupy. The range is 1 through 10.
`\dropcapt`N	Type of drop cap: 1 — In-text drop cap 2 — Margin drop cap
Overlap
`\absnoovrlp`N	Allow overlap with other frames or objects with similar wrapping: 0 — Allow overlap (default) 1 — Do not allow overlap.
Text Flow
\frmtxlrtb	Frame box flows from left to right and top to bottom (default).
\frmtxtbrl	Frame box flows right to left and top to bottom.
\frmtxbtlr	Frame box flows left to right and bottom to top.
\frmtxlrtbv	Frame box flows left to right and top to bottom, vertical.
\frmtxtbrlv	Frame box flows top to bottom and right to left, vertical.

The following is an example of absolute-positioned text in a document:

\par \pard \pvpg\phpg\posxc\posyt\absw5040\dxfrtest173 First APO para
\par \pard \phmrg\posxo\posyc\dxfrtext1152 Second APO para

Table Definitions

There is no RTF table group; instead, tables are specified as paragraph properties. A table is represented as a sequence of table rows. A table row is a continuous sequence of paragraphs partitioned into cells. The table row begins with the \trowd control word and ends with the \row control word. Every paragraph that is contained in a table row must have the \intbl control word specified or inherited from the previous paragraph. A cell may have more than one paragraph in it; the cell is terminated by a cell mark (the \cell control word), and the row is terminated by a row mark (the \row control word). Table rows can also be positioned. In this case, every paragraph in a table row must have the same positioning controls (see the <apoctl> controls in the Positioned Objects and Frames sub-section of this RTF Specification). Table properties may be inherited from the previous row; therefore, a series of table rows may be introduced by a single <tbldef>.

An RTF table row has the following syntax, as shown in the general paragraph-text syntax shown in the Paragraph Text section of this RTF Specification.

<row>	(<tbldef> <cell>+ <tbldef> `\row`) \| (<tbldef> <cell>+ `\row`) \| (<cell>+ <tbldef> `\row`)
<cell>	(<nestrow>? <tbldef>?) & <textpar>+ `\cell`
<nestrow>	<nestcell>+ '{\'`\nesttableprops`* <tbldef> `\nestrow` '}'
<nestcell>	<textpar>+ `\nestcell`

Note that while Word 97 emitted the row properties (<tbldef>) at the beginning of the row, a reader should not assume that this is the case. Properties can be emitted at the end and in fact Word 2000 does this. To avoid breaking readers that might make the aforementioned assumption Word 2000 will write a copy at the beginning as well, so the properties of a typical row in a Word 2000 document are repeated at the beginning and at the end of the row. Note that for nested cells Word 2000 only writes the properties at the end.

A table definition has the following syntax:

<tbldef>	`\trowd` `\`trgaph & <rowjust>? & <rowwrite>? & <rowtop>? & <rowbot>? & <rowleft>? & <rowright>? & <rowhor>? & <rowvert>? & <rowpos> ? & `\`trleft? & `\`trrh? `\trhdr`? & `\trkeep`? & <rowwidth>? & <rowinv>? & *`\trautofit`? & <rowspc>? & <rowpad>? & `\taprtl`*?<celldef>+
<rowjust>	`\trql` \| `\trqr` \| `\trqc`
<rowwrite>	`\ltrrow` \| `\rtlrow`
<rowtop>	`\trbrdrt` <brdr>
<rowbot>	`\trbrdrl` <brdr>
<rowleft>	`\trbrdrb` <brdr>
<rowright>	`\trbrdrr` <brdr>
<rowhor>	`\trbrdrh` <brdr>
<rowvert>	`\trbrdrv` <brdr>
<rowpos>	<rowhorzpos> & <rowvertpos> & <rowwrap> & `\`tabsnoovrlp?
<rowhorzpos>	<rowhframe>& <rowhdist>
<rowvertpos>	<rowvframe>& <rowvdist>
<rowwrap>	*`\tdfrmtxtLeft`? & `\tdfrmtxtRight`? & `\tdfrmtxtTop`? & `\tdfrmtxtBottom`*?
<rowhframe>	`\phmrg`? \| `\phpg`? \| `\phcol`?
<rowhdist>	*`\tposx`? \| `\tposnegx`? \| `\tposxc`? \| `\tposxi`? \| `\tposxo`? \| `\tposxl`? \| `\tposxr`*?
<rowvframe>	`\tpvmrg`? \| `\tpvpg`? \| `\tpvpara`?
<rowvdist>	*`\tposy`? \| `\tposnegy`? \| `\tposyt`? \| `\tposyil`? \| `\tposyb`? \| `\tposyc`? \| tposyin* \| tposyout
<rowwidth>	`\`trftsWidth & `\`trwWidth?
<rowinv>	(`\`trftsWidthB & `\`trwWidthB?)? & (`\`trftsWidthA & `\`trwWidthA?)?
<rowspc>	(*`\trspdl`* & *`\trspdfl`?)? & (`\trspdt`* & *`\trspdft`?)? & (`\trspdb`* & *`\trspdfb`?)? & (`\trspdr`* & *`\trspdfr`*?)?
<rowpad>	(*`\trpaddl`* & *`\trpaddfl`?)? & (`\trpaddt`* & *`\trpaddft`?)? & (`\trpaddb`* & *`\trpaddfb`?)? & (`\trpaddr`* & *`\trpaddfr`*?)?
<celldef>	(`\clmgf`? & `\clmrg`? & `\clvmgf`? & `\clvmrg`? <celldgu>? & <celldgl>? & <cellalign>? & <celltop>? & <cellleft>? & <cellbot>? & <cellright>? & <cellshad>? & <cellflow>? & clFitText? & clNoWrap? & <cellwidth>? & <cellpad>?) *`\cellx`*
<celldgu>	`\`cldglu <brdr>
<celldgl>	`\cldgll` <brdr>
<cellalign>	`\clvertalt` \| `\clvertalc` \| `\clvertalb`
<celltop>	`\clbrdrt` <brdr>
<cellleft>	`\clbrdrl` <brdr>
<cellbot>	`\clbrdrb` <brdr>
<cellright>	`\clbrdrr` <brdr>
<cellshad>	<cellpat>? *`\clcfpat`? & `\clcbpat`? & `\clshdng`*
<cellpat>	`\clbghoriz` \| `\clbgvert` \| `\clbgfdiag` \| `\clbgbdiag` \| `\clbgcross` \| `\clbgdcross` \| `\clbgdkhor` \| `\clbgdkvert` \| `\clbgdkfdiag` \| `\clbgdkbdiag` \| `\clbgdkcross` \| `\clbgdkdcross`
<cellflow>	`\cltxlrtb` \| `\cltxtbrl` \| `\cltxbtlr` \| `\cltxlrtbv` \| `\cltxtbrlv`
<cellwidth>	`\`clftsWidth & `\`clwWidth?
<cellpad>	(*`\clpadl`* & *`\clpadfl`?)? & (`\clpadt`* & *`\clpadft`?)? & (`\clpadb`* & *`\clpadfb`?)? & (`\clpadr`* & *`\clpadfr`*?)?

Note For <tbldef>, the number of \cellxs must match the number of \cells in the \row.

The following control words further define options for each row of the table.

Control Word	Meaning
`\trowd`	Sets table row defaults.
`\row`	Denotes the end of a row.
`\tcelld`	Sets table cell defaults.
`\nestcell`	Denotes the end of a nested cell.
`\nestrow`	Denotes the end of a nested row.
`\nesttableprops`	Defines the properties of a nested table. This is a destination control word.
`\nonesttables`	Contains text for readers that do not understand nested tables. This destination should be ignored by readers that support nested tables.
`\trgaph`N	Half the space between the cells of a table row in twips.
`\cellx`N	Defines the right boundary of a table cell, including its half of the space between cells.
`\cell`	Denotes the end of a table cell.
`\clmgf`	The first cell in a range of table cells to be merged.
`\clmrg`	Contents of the table cell are merged with those of the preceding cell.
\clvmgf	The first cell in a range of table cells to be vertically merged.
\clvmrg	Contents of the table cell are vertically merged with those of the preceding cell.
Row Formatting
`\`taprtl	Table direction is right to left.
`\trautofit`N	AutoFit: 0 — No AutoFit (default) 1 — AutoFit is on for the row. Overridden by `\clwWidth`N and `\trwWidth`N in any table row.
`\trhdr`	Table row header. This row should appear at the top of every page the current table appears on.
`\trkeep`	Table row keep together. This row cannot be split by a page break. This property is assumed to be off unless the control word is present.
`\trkeepfollow`	Keep row in the same page as the following row.
`\trleft`N	Position in twips of the leftmost edge of the table with respect to the left edge of its column.
`\trqc`	Centers a table row with respect to its containing column.
`\trql`	Left-justifies a table row with respect to its containing column.
`\trqr`	Right-justifies a table row with respect to its containing column.
`\trrh`N	Height of a table row in twips. When 0, the height is sufficient for all the text in the line; when positive, the height is guaranteed to be at least the specified height; when negative, the absolute value of the height is used, regardless of the height of the text in the line.
`\trpaddb`N	Default bottom cell margin or padding for the row.
`\trpaddl`N	Default left cell margin or padding for the row.
`\trpaddr`N	Default right cell margin or padding for the row.
`\trpaddt`N	Default top cell margin or padding for the row.
`\trpaddfb`N	Units for \ trpaddbN: 0 — Null. Ignore \ trpaddbN in favor of \trgaph (Word 97 style padding). 3 — Twips
`\trpaddfl`N	Units for \ trpaddlN: 0 — Null. Ignore \ trpaddlN in favor of \trgaph (Word 97 style padding). 3 — Twips
`\trpaddfr`N	Units for \ trpaddrN: 0 — Null. Ignore \ trpaddrN in favor of \trgaph (Word 97 style padding). 3 — Twips
`\trpaddft`N	Units for \ trpaddtN: 0 — Null. Ignore \ trpaddtN in favor of \trgaph (Word 97 style padding). 3 — Twips
`\trspdl`N	Default left cell spacing for the row. The total horizontal spacing between adjacent cells is equal to the sum of \trspdlN from the rightmost cell and \trspdrN, from the leftmost cell both of which will have the same value when written by Word.
`\trspdt`N	Default top cell spacing for the row. The total horizontal spacing between adjacent cells is equal to the sum of \trspdtN from the bottom cell and \trspdbN, from the top cell both of which will have the same value when written by Word.
`\trspdb`N	Default bottom cell spacing for the row. The total horizontal spacing between adjacent cells is equal to the sum of \trspdtN from the bottom cell and \trspdbN, from the top cell both of which will have the same value when written by Word.
`\trspdr`N	Default right cell spacing for the row. The total horizontal spacing between adjacent cells is equal to the sum of \trspdlN from the rightmost cell and \trspdrN, from the leftmost cell both of which will have the same value when written by Word.
`\trspdfl`N	Units for \trspdlN: 0 — Null. Ignore \trspdlN. 3 — Twips
`\trspdft`N	Units for \trspdtN: 0 — Null. Ignore \trspdtN. 3 — Twips
`\trspdfb`N	Units for \trspdbN: 0 — Null. Ignore \trspdbN. 3 — Twips
`\trspdfr`N	Units for \trspdrN: 0 — Null. Ignore \trspdrN. 3 — Twips
`\trwWidth`N	Preferred row width. Overrides `\trautofit`N.
`\trftsWidth`N	Units for `\clwWidth`N: 0 — Null. Ignore *`\trwWidth`* in favor of *`\cellx`* (Word 97 style of determining cell and row width) 1 — Auto. No preferred row width, ignores \clwWidthN if present; \clwWidthN will generally not be written, giving precedence to row defaults and autofit. 2 — Percentage (in 50^ths of a percent) 3 — Twips
`\trwWidthB`N	Width of invisible cell at the beginning of the row. Used only in cases where rows have different widths.
`\trftsWidthB`N	Units for `\clwWidthB`N: 0 — Null. No invisible cell before. 1 — Auto, ignores \clwWidthBN if present; \clwWidthBN will generally not be written. 2 — Percentage (in 50^ths of a percent) 3 — Twips
`\trwWidthA`N	Width of invisible cell at the end of the row. Used only in cases where rows have different widths.
`\trftsWidthA`N	Units for `\clwWidthB`N: 0 — Null. No invisible cell after. 1 — Auto, ignores \clwWidthBN if present; \clwWidthBN will generally not be written. 2 — Percentage (in 50^ths of a percent) 3 — Twips
Cell Formatting
`\clFitText`	Fit text in cell, compressing each paragraph to the width of the cell.
`\clNoWrap`	Do not wrap text for the cell. Only has an effect if the table cell does not have a preferred \clwWidthN, which overrides \trautofitN.
`\clpadl`N	Left cell margin or padding. Overrides \trpaddlN.
`\clpadt`N	Top cell margin or padding. Overrides \trpaddtN.
`\clpadb`N	Bottom cell margin or padding. Overrides \trpaddbN.
`\clpadr`N	Right cell margin or padding. Overrides \trpaddrN.
`\clpadfl`N	Units for \clpadlN: 0 — Null. Ignore *`\clpadl`* in favor of *`\trgaph`* (Word 97 style cell padding). 3 — Twips
`\clpadft`N	Units for \clpadtN: 0 — Null. Ignore *`\clpadt`* in favor of *`\trgaph`* (Word 97 style cell padding). 3 — Twips
`\clpadfb`N	Units for \clpadbN: 0 — Null. Ignore *`\clpadb`* in favor of *`\trgaph`* (Word 97 style cell padding). 3 — Twips
`\clpadfr`N	Units for \clpadrN: 0 — Null. Ignore *`\clpadr`* in favor of *`\trgaph`* (Word 97 style cell padding). 3 — Twips
`\clwWidth`N	Preferred cell width. Overrides `\trautofit`N.
`\clftsWidth`N	Units for `\clwWidth`N: 0 — Null. Ignore *`\clwWidth`* in favor of *`\cellx`* (Word 97 style of determining cell and row width) 1 — Auto, no preferred cell width, ignores \clwWidthN if present; \clwWidthN will generally not be written, giving precedence to row defaults. 2 — Percentage (in 50^ths of a percent) 3 — Twips
Positioned wrapped tables: the following properties must be the same for all rows in the table
`\tdfrmtxtLeft`N	Distance in twips, between the left of the table and surrounding text (the default is 0).
`\tdfrmtxtRight`N	Distance in twips, between the right of the table and surrounding text (the default is 0).
`\tdfrmtxtTop`N	Distance in twips, between the top of the table and surrounding text (the default is 0).
`\tdfrmtxtBottom`N	Distance in twips, between the bottom of the table and surrounding text (the default is 0).
`\tabsnoovrlp`	Do not allow the table to overlap with other tables or shapes with similar wrapping not contained within it.
`\tphcol`	Use the column as the horizontal reference frame. This is the default if no horizontal table positioning information is given.
`\tphmrg`	Use the margin as the horizontal reference frame.
`\tphpg`	Use the page as the horizontal reference frame.
`\tposnegx`N	Same as `\`tposx but allows arbitrary negative values.
`\tposnegy`N	Same as `\`tposy but allows arbitrary negative values.
`\tposx`N	Positions the table N twips from the left edge of the horizontal reference frame.
`\tposxc`	Centers the table within the horizontal reference frame.
`\tposxi`	Positions the table inside the horizontal reference frame.
`\tposxl`	Positions the table at the left of the horizontal reference frame.
`\tposxo`	Positions the table outside the horizontal reference frame.
`\tposxr`	Positions the table at the right of the horizontal reference frame.
`\tposy`	Positions the table N twips from the top edge of the vertical reference frame.
`\tposyb`	Positions the table at the bottom of the vertical reference frame.
`\tposyc`	Centers the table within the vertical reference frame
`\tposyil`	Positions the table to be in-line.
`\tposyin`	Positions the table inside within the vertical reference frame.
`\tposyout`	Positions the table outside within the vertical reference frame.
`\tposyt`	Positions the table at the top of the vertical reference frame.
`\tpvmrg`	Positions the table vertically relative to the top margin. This is the default if no vertical table positioning information is given.
`\tpvpara`	Positions the table vertically relative to the top left corner of the next unframed paragraph in the stream.
`\tpvpg`	Positions the table vertically relative to the top of the page.
Bidirectional Controls
`\rtlrow`	Cells in this table row will have right-to-left precedence.
`\ltrrow`	Cells in this table row will have left-to-right precedence (the default).
Row Borders
`\trbrdrt`	Table row border top.
`\trbrdrl`	Table row border left.
`\trbrdrb`	Table row border bottom.
`\trbrdrr`	Table row border right.
`\trbrdrh`	Table row border horizontal (inside).
`\trbrdrv`	Table row border vertical (inside).
Cell Borders
`\clbrdrb`	Bottom table cell border.
`\clbrdrt`	Top table cell border.
`\clbrdrl`	Left table cell border.
`\clbrdrr`	Right table cell border.
\cldglu	Diagonal line (top left to bottom right).
\cldgll	Diagonal line (top right to bottom left).
Cell Shading and Background Pattern
`\clshdng`N	N is the shading of a table cell in hundredths of a percent. This control should be included in RTF together with cell border information.
`\clbghoriz`	Specifies a horizontal background pattern for the cell.
`\clbgvert`	Specifies a vertical background pattern for the cell.
`\clbgfdiag`	Specifies a forward diagonal background pattern for the cell (\\\\).
`\clbgbdiag`	Specifies a backward diagonal background pattern for the cell (////).
`\clbgcross`	Specifies a cross background pattern for the cell.
`\clbgdcross`	Specifies a diagonal cross background pattern for the cell.
`\clbgdkhor`	Specifies a dark horizontal background pattern for the cell.
`\clbgdkvert`	Specifies a dark vertical background pattern for the cell.
`\clbgdkfdiag`	Specifies a dark forward diagonal background pattern for the cell (`\\\\`).
`\clbgdkbdiag`	Specifies a dark backward diagonal background pattern for the cell (////).
`\clbgdkcross`	Specifies a dark cross background pattern for the cell.
`\clbgdkdcross`	Specifies a dark diagonal cross background pattern for the cell.
`\clcfpat`N	N is the line color of the background pattern.
`\clcbpat`N	N is the background color of the background pattern.
Cell Vertical Text Alignment
`\clvertalt`	Text is top-aligned in cell (the default).
`\clvertalc`	Text is centered vertically in cell.
`\clvertalb`	Text is bottom-aligned in cell.
Cell Text Flow
\cltxlrtb	Text in a cell flows from left to right and top to bottom (default).
\cltxtbrl	Text in a cell flows right to left and top to bottom.
\cltxbtlr	Text in a cell flows left to right and bottom to top.
\cltxlrtbv	Text in a cell flows left to right and top to bottom, vertical.
\cltxtbrlv	Text in a cell flows top to bottom and right to left, vertical.

The following is a thorough example of Word 2000 table RTF:

This is an example of what a complex table looks in RTF. The BMP showing the table's look and position is followed by the corresponding RTF, followed by a piece-by-piece analysis of the RTF.

The illustration in Figure 1 shows a freely positioned Word table, with two cells at an offset. Inside the topmost cell there is a nested table. The table has green borders, yellow shading, a small amount of spacing between cells, and also inner cell margins or padding.

Figure 1. Freely positioned Word table, nested with two cells at offset

Table RTF—This is the RTF for this table as emitted by Word 2000. Word 2000 also emits RTF that older readers (such as previous versions of Word) can understand, so new features degrade nicely.

\trowd \trgaph115\trleft388\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \tphmrg\tposxc\tposyc\tdfrmtxtLeft187
\tdfrmtxtRight187\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trwWidthB504\trftsWidthA3
\trautofit1\trspdl14\trspdt14\trspdb14\trspdr14\trspdfl3\trspdft3\trspdfb3
\trspdfr3\trpaddl115\trpaddr115\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clcbpat17
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4644 \cellx5074\pard\plain

\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\phmrg\posxc\posyc\dxfrtext187\dfrmtxtx187
\dfrmtxty0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24
\lang1033\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid
\langnp1033\langfenp2052 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 CELL ONE

\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\phmrg\posxc\posyc\dxfrtext187\dfrmtxtx187
\dfrmtxty0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap2
{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 NESTED TABLE\nestcell{\nonesttables

\par }}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto
\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap2 {{\*\nesttableprops\trowd
\trgaph108\trleft8\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrr

\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trftsWidth1\trautofit1\trpaddl108
\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrb

\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2340 \cellx2348\nestrow}
{\nonesttables

\par }}\trowd \trgaph115\trleft388\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11

\tphmrg\tposxc\tposyc\tdfrmtxtLeft187\tdfrmtxtRight187
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trwWidthB504\trftsWidthA3
\trautofit1\trspdl14\trspdt14\trspdb14\trspdr14\trspdfl3\trspdft3
\trspdfb3\trspdfr3\trpaddl115\trpaddr115\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3
\clvertalc\clbrdrt

\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clcbpat17\cltxlrtb
\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4644 \cellx5074\pard
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\phmrg\posxc\posyc\dxfrtext187\dfrmtxtx187
\dfrmtxty0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0
{\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto
\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph115\trleft388\trbrdrt

\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11

\tphmrg\tposxc\tposyc\tdfrmtxtLeft187\tdfrmtxtRight187
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trwWidthB504\trftsWidthA3
\trautofit1\trspdl14\trspdt14\trspdb14\trspdr14\trspdfl3\trspdft3
\trspdfb3\trspdfr3\trpaddl115\trpaddr115\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3
\clvertalc\clbrdrt

\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clcbpat17\cltxlrtb
\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4644 \cellx5074\row }
\trowd \trgaph115\trleft-158\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrl

\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11

\tphmrg\tposxc\tposyc\tdfrmtxtLeft187\tdfrmtxtRight187
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trwWidthA900
\trautofit1\trspdl14\trspdt14\trspdb14\trspdr14\trspdfl3
\trspdft3\trspdfb3\trspdfr3\trpaddl115\trpaddr115\trpaddfl3
\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt

\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clcbpat17\cltxlrtb
\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4248 \cellx4132\pard

\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\phmrg\posxc\posyc
\dxfrtext187\dfrmtxtx187\dfrmtxty0\aspalpha\aspnum
\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 CELL TWO\cell }\pard
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {

\trowd \trgaph115\trleft-158\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11

\tphmrg\tposxc\tposyc\tdfrmtxtLeft187\tdfrmtxtRight187
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trwWidthA900
\trautofit1\trspdl14\trspdt14\trspdb14\trspdr14
\trspdfl3\trspdft3\trspdfb3\trspdfr3
\trpaddl115\trpaddr115\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt

\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clcbpat17\cltxlrtb
\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4248 \cellx4132\row }

Table RTF Explained. This is an analysis of the above RTF. It has been restructured for ease of explanation. All text in red are comments. The topmost cell is cell 1 (inside row 1). The bottom cell is cell 2 (inside row 2).

Begin table row defaults for row 1
\trowd

\trgaph115
\trleft388

Row borders
\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11
\trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11
\trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11

Absolute positioning of the table.  
All rows should have the same positioning.
\tphmrg\tposxc\tposyc\tdfrmtxtLeft187\tdfrmtxtRight187

Width of invisible cell before cell one (to simulate offset)
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trwWidthB504\trftsWidthA3

Autofit is on
\trautofit1

Default cell spacing for the row
\trspdl14\trspdt14\trspdb14\trspdr14\trspdfl3\trspdft3\trspdfb3\trspdfr3\
trpaddl115\trpaddr115\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3

Cell 1 definition begins

Vertical alignment of contents
\clvertalc

Cell Borders
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11

Cell shading
\clcbpat17

Cell text flow
\cltxlrtb

Cell width, using new properties and old ones
\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4644 \cellx5074

Text for cell 1 begins here.  
Includes paragraph absolute positioning equivalent to the table absolute positioning above 
so that old readers get it right.
\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\phmrg\posxc\posyc
\dxfrtext187\dfrmtxtx187\dfrmtxty0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto
\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe2052\loch\af0\hich
\af0\dbch\af17\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp2052
{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 CELL ONE
\par }

Begin definition of nested table inside cell 1
\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\phmrg\posxc\posyc
\dxfrtext187\dfrmtxtx187\dfrmtxty0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto
\adjustright\rin0\lin0

Notice itap is set to 2, indicating second nesting level.
\itap2

Nested cell ends with a \nestcell 
and is followed by a paragraph mark inside a \nonesttables destination 
which is only read by readers that do not understand nested tables.  
This way the text in the nested table is in its own paragraph.
{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 NESTED TABLE\nestcell{\nonesttables
\par }}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap2

Nested table properties occur after the text for the nested cell.
{{\*\nesttableprops\trowd \trgaph108\trleft8\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trftsWidth1\trautofit1
\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2340 \cellx2348\nestrow}
{\nonesttables
\par }}
End of nested table properties.

Set the default for the row again after nested table!  
We're still in the first row
 and this repeats what was written in the beginning of the row.  
Defaults of the table are reset and the cell is closed with a \cell.
\trowd \trgaph115\trleft388\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11
\tphmrg\tposxc\tposyc\tdfrmtxtLeft187\tdfrmtxtRight187
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trwWidthB504\trftsWidthA3
\trautofit1\trspdl14\trspdt14\trspdb14\trspdr14\trspdfl3\trspdft3
\trspdfb3\trspdfr3\trpaddl115\trpaddr115\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3
\clvertalc\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clcbpat17\cltxlrtb
\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4644 \cellx5074\pard
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\phmrg\posxc\posyc
\dxfrtext187\dfrmtxtx187\dfrmtxty0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright
\rin0\lin0 {\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0
This is the end of the table cell.

Now the row ends repeating the defaults of the row at the end of it!
{\trowd \trgaph115\trleft388\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11
\tphmrg\tposxc\tposyc\tdfrmtxtLeft187\tdfrmtxtRight187
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trwWidthB504\trftsWidthA3
\trautofit1\trspdl14\trspdt14\trspdb14\trspdr14\trspdfl3
\trspdft3\trspdfb3\trspdfr3\trpaddl115\trpaddr115\trpaddfl3
\trpaddfr3 \clvertalc\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clcbpat17\cltxlrtb
\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4644 \cellx5074\row }
END OF ROW 1

Row 2 begins here and is structured similarly.

Row defaults
\trowd \trgaph115\trleft-158\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11

Absolute positioning for the table row, matching the previous one.
\tphmrg\tposxc\tposyc\tdfrmtxtLeft187\tdfrmtxtRight187
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trwWidthA900
\trautofit1\trspdl14\trspdt14\trspdb14\trspdr14\trspdfl3\trspdft3
\trspdfb3\trspdfr3\trpaddl115\trpaddr115\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3

Cell 2 properties
\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clcbpat17\cltxlrtb
\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4248 \cellx4132

Cell 2 text
\pard
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\phmrg\posxc\posyc
\dxfrtext187\dfrmtxtx187\dfrmtxty0\aspalpha\aspnum
\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0
{\hich\af0\dbch\af17\loch\f0 CELL TWO\cell }
\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum
\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0
End cell 2 text

Now the row ends repeating the defaults of the row at the end of it!
{\trowd \trgaph115\trleft-158\trbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11
\tphmrg\tposxc\tposyc\tdfrmtxtLeft187\tdfrmtxtRight187
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trwWidthA900
\trautofit1\trspdl14\trspdt14\trspdb14\trspdr14\trspdfl3
\trspdft3\trspdfb3\trspdfr3\trpaddl115\trpaddr115\trpaddfl3
\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15\brdrcf11 \clcbpat17\cltxlrtb
\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4248 \cellx4132\row }
END OF ROW TWO

Character Text

Character text has the following syntax:

<char>	<ptext> \| <atext> \| '{' <char> '}'
<ptext>	(<chrfmt>* <data>+ )+
<data>	#PCDATA \| <spec> \| <pict> \| <obj> \| <do> \| <foot> \| <annot> \| <field> \| <idx> \| <toc> \| <book>

Font (Character) Formatting Properties

These control words (described as <chrfmt> in the syntax description) change font (character) formatting properties. A control word preceding plain text turns on the specified attribute. Some control words (indicated in the following table by an asterisk following the description) can be turned off by the control word followed by 0 . For example, \b turns on bold, while \b0 turns off bold.

The font (character)-formatting control words are listed in the following table:

Control Word	Meaning
`\plain`	Reset font (character) formatting properties to a default value defined by the application (for example, bold, underline and italic are disabled; font size is reset to 12 pt). The associated font (character) formatting properties (described in the section Associated Character Properties of this RTF Specification) are also reset.
`\`animtextN	Animated text properties. 1 — Las Vegas Lights 2 — Blinking background 3 — Sparkle text 4 — Marching black ants 5 — Marching red ants 6 — Shimmer
\accnone	No accent characters (over dot / over comma).
\accdot	Over dot accent.
\acccomma	Over comma accent.
`\b`	Bold.*
`\caps`	All capitals.*
`\cb`N	Background color (the default is 0).
`\cchs`N	Indicates any characters not belonging to the default document character set and tells which character set they do belong to. Macintosh character sets are represented by values greater than 255. The values for N correspond to the values for the `\` fcharset control word.
`\cf`N	Foreground color (the default is 0).
`\charscalex`N	Character scaling value. The N argument is a value representing a percentage (the default is 100).
`\cs`N	Designates character style. If a character style is specified, style properties must be specified with the character run. N refers to an entry in the style table.
`\cgrid`N	Character grid.
`\g`	Destination related to character grids.
`\gcw`	Grid column width.
`\gridtbl`	Destination keyword related to character grids.
`\deleted`	Marks the text as deletion revision marked.*
`\dn`N	Subscript position in half-points (the default is 6).
`\embo`	Emboss.
`\expnd`N	Expansion or compression of the space between characters in quarter-points; a negative value compresses (the default is 0).
`\expndtw`N	Expansion or compression of the space between characters in twips; a negative value compresses. For backward compatibility, both `\expndtw` and `\expnd` should be emitted.
`\fittext`N	Fit the text in the current group in N twips. When N is set to -1 (`\fittext`-1) it indicates a continuation of the previous `\fittext`N run. In other words `{\fittext1000 Fit this} {\fittext-1 text}` fits the string "Fit this text" in 1000 twips.
`\f`N	Font number. N refers to an entry in the font table.
`\fs`N	Font size in half-points (the default is 24).
`\i`	Italic.*
`\impr`	Engrave.
`\kerning`N	Point size (in half-points) above which to kern character pairs. `\kerning0` turns off kerning.
`\langfe`N	Applies a language to a character. N is a number corresponding to a language. The `\plain` control word resets the language property to the language defined by \deflangfeN in the document properties.
`\langfenp`N	Applies a language to a character. N is a number corresponding to a language. The `\plain` control word resets the language property to the language defined by \deflangfeN in the document properties. Usually follows `\langfe`N
`\lang`N	Applies a language to a character. N is a number corresponding to a language. The `\plain` control word resets the language property to the language defined by \deflangN in the document properties.
`\langnp`N	Applies a language to a character. N is a number corresponding to a language. The `\plain` control word resets the language property to the language defined by \deflangN in the document properties. It is identical to `\langN`, but needed when `\noproof` is written together with `\lang`1024 in order to preserve the language of the text that is not being checked for spelling or grammar. Usually follows `\lang`N
`\ltrch`	The character data following this control word will be treated as a left-to-right run (the default).
`\rtlch`	The character data following this control word will be treated as a right-to-left run.
`\noproof`	Do not check spelling or grammar for text in the group. Serves the function of \lang1024. usually \lang1024 is emitted with it for backwards compatibility with old readers.
`\nosupersub`	Turns off superscripting or subscripting.
`\nosectexpand`	Disable character space basement.
`\outl`	Outline.*
`\rtlch`	The character data following this control word will be treated as a right-to-left run.
`\scaps`	Small capitals.*
`\shad`	Shadow.*
`\strike`	Strikethrough.*
`\striked1`	Double strikethrough. `\striked0` turns it off.
`\sub`	Subscripts text and shrinks point size according to font information.
`\super`	Superscripts text and shrinks point size according to font information.
`\ul`	Continuous underline. `\ul0` turns off all underlining.
`\ulc`N	Underline color
`\uld`	Dotted underline.
`\`uldash	Dash underline.
`\`uldashd	Dash dot underline.
`\`uldashdd	Dash dot dot underline.
`\uldb`	Double underline.
`\ulhwave`	Heavy wave underline
`\ulldash`	Long dash underline
`\ulnone`	Stops all underlining.
`\ulth`	Thick underline
`\ulthd`	Thick dotted underline
`\ulthdash`	Thick dash underline
`\ulthdashd`	Thick dash dot underline
`\ulthdashdd`	Thick dash dot dot underline
`\ulthldash`	Thick long dash underline
`\ululdbwave`	Double wave underline
`\ulw`	Word underline.
`\`ulwave	Wave underline.
`\up`N	Superscript position in half-points (the default is 6).
`\v`	Hidden text.*
`\webhidden`	Indicates that the text in the group is hidden in Word 2000's Web View and will not be emitted upon saving as web page.

The following table defines the standard languages used by Microsoft. This table was generated by the Unicode group for use with TrueType and Unicode.

Language	ID (hexadecimal)	ID (decimal)
Afrikaans	0x0436	1078
Albanian	0x041c	1052
Arabic	0x0401	1025
Arabic Algeria	0x1401	5121
Arabic Bahrain	0x3c01	15361
Arabic Egypt	0x0c01	3073
Arabic General	0x0001	1
Arabic Iraq	0x0801	2049
Arabic Jordan	0x2c01	11265
Arabic Kuwait	0x3401	13313
Arabic Lebanon	0x3001	12289
Arabic Libya	0x1001	4097
Arabic Morocco	0x1801	6145
Arabic Oman	0x2001	8193
Arabic Qatar	0x4001	16385
Arabic Syria	0x2801	10241
Arabic Tunisia	0x1c01	7169
Arabic U.A.E.	0x3801	14337
Arabic Yemen	0x2401	9217
Armenian	0x042b	1067
Assamese	0x044d	1101
Azeri Cyrillic	0x082c	2092
Azeri Latin	0x042c	1068
Basque	0x042d	1069
Bengali	0x0445	1093
Bosnia Herzegovina	0x101a	4122
Bulgarian	0x0402	1026
Burmese	0x0455	1109
Byelorussian	0x0423	1059
Catalan	0x0403	1027
Chinese China	0x0804	2052
Chinese General	0x0004	4
Chinese Hong Kong	0x0c04	3076
Chinese Macao	0x0c04	3076
Chinese Singapore	0x1004	4100
Chinese Taiwan	0x0404	1028
Croatian	0x041a	1050
Czech	0x0405	1029
Danish	0x0406	1030
Dutch Belgium	0x0813	2067
Dutch Standard	0x0413	1043
English Australia	0x0c09	3081
English Belize	0x2809	10249
English British	0x0809	2057
English Canada	0x1009	4105
English Caribbean	0x2409	9225
English General	0x0009	9
English Ireland	0x1809	6153
English Jamaica	0x2009	8201
English New Zealand	0x1409	5129
English Philippines	0x3409	13321
English South Africa	0x1c09	7177
English Trinidad	0x2c09	11273
English United States	0x0409	1033
English Zimbabwe	0x0409	1033
Estonian	0x0425	1061
Faerose	0x0438	1080
Farsi	0x0429	1065
Finnish	0x040b	1035
French	0x040c	1036
French Belgium	0x080c	2060
French Cameroon	0x2c0c	11276
French Canada	0x0c0c	3084
French Cote d'Ivoire	0x300c	12300
French Luxembourg	0x140c	5132
French Mali	0x340c	13324
French Monaco	0x180c	6156
French Reunion	0x200c	8204
French Senegal	0x280c	10252
French Swiss	0x100c	4108
French West Indies	0x1c0c	7180
French Democratic Republic of the Congo	0x240c	9228
Frisian	0x0462	1122
Gaelic	0x043c	1084
Gaelic Ireland	0x083c	2108
Galician	0x0456	1110
Georgian	0x0437	1079
German	0x0407	1031
German Austrian	0x0c07	3079
German Liechtenstein	0x1407	5127
German Luxembourg	0x1007	4103
German Switzerland	0x0807	2055
Greek	0x0408	1032
Gujarati	0x0447	1095
Hebrew	0x040d	1037
Hindi	0x0439	1081
Hungarian	0x040e	1038
Icelandic	0x040f	1039
Indonesian	0x0421	1057
Italian	0x0410	1040
Italian Switzerland	0x0810	2064
Japanese	0x0411	1041
Kannada	0x044b	1099
Kashmiri	0x0460	1120
Kashmiri India	0x0860	2144
Kazakh	0x043f	1087
Khmer	0x0453	1107
Kirghiz	0x0440	1088
Konkani	0x0457	1111
Korean	0x0412	1042
Korean Johab	0x0812	2066
Lao	0x0454	1108
Latvian	0x0426	1062
Lithuanian	0x0427	1063
Lithuanian Classic	0x0827	2087
FYRO Macedonian	0x043e	1086
Malay	0x043e	1086
Malay Brunei Darussalam	0x083e	2110
Malayalam	0x044c	1100
Maltese	0x043a	1082
Manipuri	0x0458	1112
Marathi	0x044e	1102
Mongolian	0x0450	1104
Nepali	0x0461	1121
Nepali India	0x0861	2145
Norwegian Bokmal	0x0414	1044
Norwegian Nynorsk	0x0814	2068
Oriya	0x0448	1096
Polish	0x0415	1045
Portuguese (Brazil)	0x0416	1046
Portuguese (Portugal)	0x0816	2070
Punjabi	0x0446	1094
Rhaeto-Romanic	0x0417	1047
Romanian	0x0418	1048
Romanian Moldova	0x0818	2072
Russian	0x0419	1049
Russian Moldova	0x0819	2073
Sami Lappish	0x043b	1083
Sanskrit	0x044f	1103
Serbian Cyrillic	0x0c1a	3098
Serbian Latin	0x081a	2074
Sindhi	0x0459	1113
Slovak	0x041b	1051
Slovenian	0x0424	1060
Sorbian	0x042e	1070
Spanish Argentina	0x2c0a	11274
Spanish Bolivia	0x400a	16394
Spanish Chile	0x340a	13322
Spanish Colombia	0x240a	9226
Spanish Costa Rica	0x140a	5130
Spanish Dominican Republic	0x1c0a	7178
Spanish Ecuador	0x300a	12298
Spanish El Salvador	0x440a	17418
Spanish Guatemala	0x100a	4106
Spanish Honduras	0x480a	18442
Spanish Mexico	0x080a	2058
Spanish Modern	0x0c0a	3082
Spanish Nicaragua	0x4c0a	19466
Spanish Panama	0x180a	6154
Spanish Paraguay	0x3c0a	15370
Spanish Peru	0x280a	10250
Spanish Puerto Rico	0x500a	20490
Spanish Traditional	0x040a	1034
Spanish Uruguay	0x380a	14346
Spanish Venezuela	0x200a	8202
Sutu	0x0430	1072
Swahili	0x0441	1089
Swedish	0x041d	1053
Swedish Finland	0x081d	2077
Tajik	0x0428	1064
Tamil	0x0449	1097
Tatar	0x0444	1092
Telugu	0x044a	1098
Thai	0x041e	1054
Tibetan	0x0451	1105
Tsonga	0x0431	1073
Tswana	0x0432	1074
Turkish	0x041f	1055
Turkmen	0x0442	1090
Ukranian	0x0422	1058
Urdu	0x0420	1056
Urdu India	0x0820	2080
Uzbek Cyrillic	0x0843	2115
Uzbek Latin	0x0443	1091
Venda	0x0433	1075
Vietnamese	0x042a	1066
Welsh	0x0452	1106
Xhosa	0x0434	1076
Yiddish	0x043d	1085
Zulu	0x0435	1077

To read negative \expnd values from Word for the Macintosh, an RTF reader should use only the low-order 6 bits of the value read. Word for the Macintosh does not emit negative values for \expnd. Instead, it treats values from 57 through 63 as –7 through –1, respectively (the low-order 6 bits of 57 through 63 are the same as –7 through –1).

Character Borders and Shading

Character shading has the following syntax.

<shading>	(*`\chshdng`* \| <pat>) `\`chcfpat? `\`chcbpat?
<pat>	`\chbghoriz` \| `\chbgvert` \| `\chbgfdiag` \| `\chbgbdiag` \| `\chbgcross` \| `\chbgdcross` \| `\chbgdkhoriz` \| `\chbgdkvert` \| `\chbgdkfdiag` \| `\chbgdkbdiag` \| `\chbgdkcross` \| `\chbgdkdcross`

Control Word	Meaning
`\chbrdr`	Character border (border always appears on all sides).
`\chshdng`N	Character shading. The N argument is a value representing the shading of the text in hundredths of a percent.
`\chcfpat`N	N is the color of the background pattern, specified as an index into the document's color table.
`\chcbpat`N	N is the fill color, specified as an index into the document's color table.
`\chbghoriz`	Specifies a horizontal background pattern for the text.
`\`chbgvert	Specifies a vertical background pattern for the text.
`\chbgfdiag`	Specifies a forward diagonal background pattern for the text (\\\\).
`\chbgbdiag`	Specifies a backward diagonal background pattern for the text (////).
`\chbgcross`	Specifies a cross background pattern for the text.
`\chbgdcross`	Specifies a diagonal cross background pattern for the text.
`\chbgdkhoriz`	Specifies a dark horizontal background pattern for the text.
`\chbgdkvert`	Specifies a dark vertical background pattern for the text.
`\chbgdkfdiag`	Specifies a dark forward diagonal background pattern for the text (`\\\\`).
`\chbgdkbdiag`	Specifies a dark backward diagonal background pattern for the text (////).
`\chbgdkcross`	Specifies a dark cross background pattern for the text.
`\chbgdkdcross`	Specifies a dark diagonal cross background pattern for the text.

The color, width, and border style keywords for character borders are the same as the keywords for paragraph borders.

Control Word	Meaning
Track Changes (Revision Mark) Properties
`\revised`	Text has been added since revision marking was turned on.
`\revauth`N	Index into the revision table. The content of the Nth group in the revision table is considered to be the author of that revision.
`\revdttm`N	Time of the revision. The 32-bit DTTM structure is emitted as a long integer.
`\crauth`N	Index into the revision table. The content of the Nth group in the revision table is considered to be the author of that revision. Note This keyword is used to indicate formatting revisions, such as bold, italic, and so on.
`\crdate`N	Time of the revision. The 32-bit DTTM structure is emitted as a long integer.
`\revauthdel`N	Index into the revision table. The content of the Nth group in the revision table is considered to be the author of that deletion.
`\revdttmdel`N	Time of the deletion. The 32-bit DTTM structure is emitted as a long integer.

Associated Character Properties

Bidirectional-aware text processors often need to associate a Latin (or other left-to-right) font with an Arabic or Hebrew (or other right-to-left) font. The association is needed to match commonly used pairs of fonts in name, size, and other attributes. Although RTF defines a broad variety of associated character properties, any implementation may choose not to implement a particular associated character property and share the property between the Latin and Arabic fonts.

Property association uses the following syntax:

<atext>	<ltrrun> \| <rtlrun>
<ltrrun>	`\rtlch` *`\af`* & <aprops>* `\ltrch` <ptext>
<rtlrun>	`\ltrch` *`\af`* & <aprops>* `\rtlch` <ptext>
<atext>	<losbrun> \| <hisbrun> \| <dbrun>
<losbrun>	`\hich` *`\af`* & <aprops> `\dbch` *`\af`* & <aprops> `\loch` <ptext>
<hisbrun>	`\loch` *`\af`* & <aprops> `\dbch` *`\af`* & <aprops> `\hich` <ptext>
<dbrun>	`\loch` *`\af`* & <aprops> `\hich` *`\af`* & <aprops> `\dbch` <ptext>

Here are some examples of property association:

\ltrch\af2\ab\au\rtlch\u Sample Text

This is a right-to-left run. Text will use the default bidirectional font, and will be underlined. The left-to-right font associated with this run is font 2 (in the font table) with bolding and underlining.

\plain\rtlch\ltrch Sample Text

This is a left-to-right run. The right-to-left font and the left-to-right font use the default font (specified by \deff).

\rtlch\af5\ab\ai\ltrch\u Sample Text

This is a left-to-right run. The right-to-left font is font 5, bold and italicized. The left-to-right font is the default font, underlined. If the reader does not support underlining in the associated font, both fonts will be underlined.

The property association control words (described as <aprops> in the syntax description) are listed in the following table. Some control words (indicated in the following table by an asterisk following the description) can be turned off by the control word followed by 0.

Control Word	Meaning
`\ab`	Associated font is bold.*
`\acaps`	Associated font is all capitals.*
`\acf`N	Associated foreground color (the default is 0).
`\adn`N	Associated font is subscript position in half-points (the default is 6).
`\aexpnd`N	Expansion or compression of the space between characters in quarter-points; a negative value compresses (the default is 0).
`\af`N	Associated font number (the default is 0).
`\afs`N	Associated font size in half-points (the default is 24).
`\ai`	Associated font is italic.*
`\alang`N	Language ID for the associated font. (This uses the same language ID codes described in the standard language table in the Character Text section of this RTF Specification.)
`\aoutl`	Associated font is outline.*
`\ascaps`	Associated font is small capitals.*
`\ashad`	Associated font is shadow.*
`\astrike`	Associated font is strikethrough.*
`\aul`	Associated font is continuous underline. `\aul0` turns off all underlining for the alternate font.
`\auld`	Associated font is dotted underline.
`\auldb`	Associated font is double underline.
`\aulnone`	Associated font is no longer underlined.
`\aulw`	Associated font is word underline.
`\aup`N	Superscript position in half-points (the default is 6).
\loch	The text consists of single-byte low-ANSI (0x00–0x7F) characters.
\hich	The text consists of single-byte high-ANSI (0x80–0xFF) characters.
\dbch	The text consists of double-byte characters.

Highlighting

This property applies highlighting to text. The formatting is not a character format, so it cannot be part of a style definition.

Control Word	Definition
\highlightN	Highlights the specified text. N specifies the color as an index of the color table.

Special Characters

The RTF Specification includes control words for special characters (described as <spec> in the character-text syntax description). If a special-character control word is not recognized by the RTF reader, it is ignored, and the text following it is considered plain text. The RTF Specification is flexible enough to allow new special characters to be added for interchange with other software.

The special RTF characters are listed in the following table.

Control Word	Meaning
`\chdate`	Current date (as in headers).
`\chdpl`	Current date in long format (for example, Thursday, October 28, 1997).
`\chdpa`	Current date in abbreviated format (for example, Thu, Oct 28, 1997).
`\chtime`	Current time (as in headers).
`\chpgn`	Current page number (as in headers).
`\sectnum`	Current section number (as in headers).
`\chftn`	Automatic footnote reference (footnotes follow in a group).
`\chatn`	Annotation reference (annotation text follows in a group).
`\chftnsep`	Anchoring character for footnote separator.
`\chftnsepc`	Anchoring character for footnote continuation.
`\cell`	End of table cell.
`\nestcell`	End of nested table cell.
`\row`	End of table row.
`\nestrow`	End of nested table row
`\par`	End of paragraph.
`\sect`	End of section and paragraph.
`\page`	Required page break.
`\column`	Required column break.
`\line`	Required line break (no paragraph break).
`\lbr`N	Text wrapping break of type: 0 — Default line break (just like `\line`) 1 — Clear left 2 — Clear right 3 — Clear all Whenever an `\lbr` is emitted, a `\line` will be emitted for the benefit of old readers.
`\softpage`	Nonrequired page break. Emitted as it appears in Galley view.
`\softcol`	Nonrequired column break. Emitted as it appears in Galley view.
`\softline`	Nonrequired line break. Emitted as it appears in Galley view.
`\softlheight`N	Nonrequired line height. This is emitted as a prefix to each line.
`\tab`	Tab character.
`\emdash`	Em-dash (—).
`\endash`	En-dash (–).
`\emspace`	Nonbreaking space equal to width of character "m" in current font. Some old RTF writers use the construct '{`\emspace` `}`' (with two spaces before the closing brace) to trick readers unaware of `\emspace` into parsing a regular space. A reader should interpret this as an `\emspace` and a regular space.
`\enspace`	Nonbreaking space equal to width of character "n" in current font. Some old RTF writers use the construct '{`\enspace` `}`' (with two spaces before the closing brace) to trick readers unaware of `\enspace` into parsing a regular space. A correct reader should interpret this as an `\enspace` and a regular space.
\qmspace	One-quarter em space.
`\bullet`	Bullet character.
`\lquote`	Left single quotation mark.
`\rquote`	Right single quotation mark.
`\ldblquote`	Left double quotation mark.
`\rdblquote`	Right double quotation mark.
`\`\|	Formula character. (Used by Word 5.1 for the Macintosh as the beginning delimiter for a string of formula typesetting commands.)
`\`~	Nonbreaking space.
`\`-	Optional hyphen.
`\`_	Nonbreaking hyphen.
`\`:	Specifies a subentry in an index entry.
`\`*	Marks a destination whose text should be ignored if not understood by the RTF reader.
`\`'hh	A hexadecimal value, based on the specified character set (may be used to identify 8-bit values).
`\ltrmark`	The following characters should be displayed from left to right; usually found at the start of `\ltrch` runs.
`\rtlmark`	The following characters should be displayed from right to left; usually found at the start of `\rtlch` runs.
\zwbo	Zero-width break opportunity. Used to insert break opportunity between two characters.
\zwnbo	Zero-width nonbreak opportunity. Used to remove break opportunity between two characters.
`\zwj`	Zero-width joiner. This is used for ligating (joining) characters.
`\zwnj`	Zero-width nonjoiner. This is used for unligating a character.

A carriage return (character value 13) or linefeed (character value 10) will be treated as a \par control if the character is preceded by a backslash. You must include the backslash; otherwise, RTF ignores the control word. (You may also want to insert a carriage-return/linefeed pair without backslashes at least every 255 characters for better text transmission over communication lines.)

A tab (character value 9) should be treated as a \tab control word. Not all RTF readers understand this; therefore, an RTF writer should always emit the control word for tabs.

The following are the code values for the special characters listed.

Control Word	Word for Windows and OS/2	Apple Macintosh
`\bullet`	149	0xA5
`\endash`	150	0xD1
`\emdash`	151	0xD0
`\lquote`	145	0xD4
`\rquote`	146	0xD5
`\ldblquote`	147	0xD2
`\rdblquote`	148	0xD3

Document Variables

Document variables are definable and accessed through macros. The group has the following syntax:

<variables>	'{\' <docvar>'{' <varname> '}' '{' <vartext> '}' '}'
<docvar>	`\docvar`
<varname>	#PCDATA
<vartype>	#PCDATA

Control Word	Definition
\ docvar	A group that defines a document variable name and its value.

Bookmarks

This destination may specify one of two control words: \*\bkmkstart, which indicates the start of the specified bookmark, and \*\bkmkend, which indicates the end of the specified bookmark.

Bookmarks have the following syntax:

<book>	<bookstart> \| <bookend>
<bookstart>	'{\' `\bkmkstart`* (*`\bkmkcolf`? & `\bkmkcoll`*?) #PCDATA '}'
<bookend>	'{\' `\bkmkend`* #PCDATA '}'

A bookmark is shown in the following example:

\pard\plain \fs20 Kuhn believes that science, rather than
discovering in experience certain structured
relationships, actually creates (or already participates in)
a presupposed structure to which it fits the data.
{\bkmkstart paradigm} Kuhn calls such a presupposed
structure a paradigm.{\bkmkend paradigm}

The bookmark start and the bookmark end are matched with the bookmark tag. In the example, the bookmark tag is "paradigm." Each bookmark start should have a matching bookmark end; however, the bookmark start and the bookmark end may be in any order.

\bkmkcolfN is used to denote the first column of a table covered by a bookmark. If it is not included, the first column is assumed. \bkmkcollN is used to denote the last column. If it is not used, the last column is assumed. These controls are used within the \*\bkmkstart destination following the \bkmkstart control. For example, {\*\bkmkstart\bkmkcolf2\bkmkcoll5 Table1} places the bookmark "Table1" on columns 2 through 5 of a table.

Pictures

An RTF file can include pictures created with other applications. These pictures can be in hexadecimal (the default) or binary format. Pictures are destinations, and begin with the \pict control word. The \pict keyword is preceded by \*\shppict destination control keyword as described in the following example. A picture destination has the following syntax:

<pict>	'{' `\pict` (<brdr>? & <shading>? & <picttype> & <pictsize> & <metafileinfo>?) <data> '}'
<picttype>	\| \emfblip \| \pngblip \| \jpegblip \| \macpict \| *`\pmmetafile`* \| *`\wmetafile`* \| *`\dibitmap`* <bitmapinfo> \| *`\wbitmap`* <bitmapinfo>
<bitmapinfo>	*`\wbmbitspixel`* & *`\wbmplanes`* & *`\wbmwidthbytes`*
<pictsize>	(*`\picw`* & *`\pich`) \picwgoal? & \pichgoal? `\picscalex`? & `\picscaley`? & `\picscaled`? & `\piccropt`? & `\piccropb`? & `\piccropr`? & `\piccropl`*?
<metafileinfo>	`\picbmp` & `\`picbpp
<data>	(*`\bin`* #BDATA) \| #SDATA

These control words are described in the following table. Some measurements in this table are in twips; a twip is one-twentieth of a point.

Control Word	Meaning
`\emfblip`	Source of the picture is an EMF (enhanced metafile).
`\pngblip`	Source of the picture is a PNG.
`\jpegblip`	Source of the picture is a JPEG.
`\shppict`	Specifies a Word 97-2000 picture. This is a destination control word.
`\nonshppict`	Specifies that Word 97-2000 has written a `{\pict` destination that it will not read on input. This keyword is for compatibility with other readers.
`\macpict`	Source of the picture is QuickDraw.
`\pmmetafile`N	Source of the picture is an OS/2 metafile. The N argument identifies the metafile type. The N values are described in the `\pmmetafile` table below.
`\wmetafile`N	Source of the picture is a Windows metafile. The N argument identifies the metafile type (the default is 1).
`\dibitmap`N	Source of the picture is a Windows device-independent bitmap. The N argument identifies the bitmap type (must equal 0). The information to be included in RTF from a Windows device-independent bitmap is the concatenation of the BITMAPINFO structure followed by the actual pixel data.
`\wbitmap`N	Source of the picture is a Windows device-dependent bitmap. The N argument identifies the bitmap type (must equal 0). The information to be included in RTF from a Windows device-dependent bitmap is the result of the GetBitmapBits function.

Example:

{\*\shppict {\pict \emfblip �.. }}{\nonshppict {\pict �.}}

For more information on the GetDIBits and GetBitmapBits functions and the structure of Windows device-independent and device-dependent bitmaps, see Volume 1 and Volume 2 of the Programmer's Reference in the Microsoft Windows 3.1 Software Development Kit. For best device-independence and interoperability with Microsoft products, however, use of the \wbitmap and \dibitmap control words is discouraged. Rather, bitmaps should be embedded within Windows metafiles and the \wmetafile control word used. For more information on embedding bitmaps within metafiles, see Volume 1 and Volume 2 of the Programmer's Reference in the Microsoft Windows 3.1 Software Development Kit.

Control Word	Meaning
Bitmap Information
`\wbmbitspixel`N	Number of adjacent color bits on each plane needed to define a pixel (the default is 1). Possible values are 1 (monochrome), 4 (16 colors), 8 (256 colors) and 24 (RGB).
`\wbmplanes`N	Number of bitmap color planes (must equal 1).
`\wbmwidthbytes`N	Specifies the number of bytes in each raster line. This value must be an even number because the Windows graphics device interface (GDI) assumes that the bit values of a bitmap form an array of integer (two-byte) values. In other words, `\wbmwidthbytes` times 8 must be the next multiple of 16 greater than or equal to the `\picw` (bitmap width in pixels) value.
Picture Size, Scaling, and Cropping
`\picw`N	xExt field if the picture is a Windows metafile; picture width in pixels if the picture is a bitmap or from QuickDraw. The N argument is a long integer.
`\pich`N	yExt field if the picture is a Windows metafile; picture height in pixels if the picture is a bitmap or from QuickDraw. The N argument is a long integer.
`\picwgoal`N	Desired width of the picture in twips. The N argument is a long integer.
`\pichgoal`N	Desired height of the picture in twips. The N argument is a long integer.
`\picscalex`N	Horizontal scaling value. The N argument is a value representing a percentage (the default is 100).
`\picscaley`N	Vertical scaling value. The N argument is a value representing a percentage (the default is 100).
`\picscaled`	Scales the picture to fit within the specified frame. Used only with `\macpict` pictures.
`\picprop`	Indicates that shape properties are applied to an inline picture. This is a destination control word.
`\defshp`	Indicates that the inline picture is a WordArt shape.
`\piccropt`N	Top cropping value in twips. A positive value crops toward the center of the picture; a negative value crops away from the center, adding a space border around picture (the default is 0).
`\piccropb`N	Bottom cropping value in twips. A positive value crops toward the center of the picture; a negative value crops away from the center, adding a space border around picture (the default is 0).
`\piccropl`N	Left cropping value in twips. A positive value crops toward the center of the picture; a negative value crops away from the center, adding a space border around picture (the default is 0).
`\piccropr`N	Right cropping value in twips. A positive value crops toward the center of the picture; a negative value crops away from the center, adding a space border around picture (the default is 0).
Metafile Information
`\picbmp`	Specifies whether a metafile contains a bitmap.
`\picbpp`N	Specifies the bits per pixel in a metafile bitmap. The valid range is 1–32, with 1, 4, 8, and 24 being recognized.
Picture Data
`\bin`N	The picture is in binary format. The numeric parameter N is the number of bytes that follow. Unlike all other controls, this control word takes a 32-bit parameter.
`\blipupi`N	N represents units per inch on a picture (only certain image types need or output this)
`\blipuid` XXXXX	Used as: `{\\blipuid XXXXX}` where XXXX* is a 16-byte identification number for the image.
`\bliptag`N	A mostly unique identifier for a picture, where N is a long integer value.

The \wbitmap control word is optional. If no other picture type is specified, the picture is assumed to be a Windows bitmap. If \wmetafile is specified, the N argument can be one of the following types.

Type	N argument
MM_TEXT	1
MM_LOMETRIC	2
MM_HIMETRIC	3
MM_LOENGLISH	4
MM_HIENGLISH	5
MM_TWIPS	6
MM_ISOTROPIC	7
MM_ANISOTROPIC	8

For more information about these types, see volume 1 of the Programmer's Reference in the Microsoft Windows 3.1 Software Development Kit.

If \pmmetafile is specified, the N argument can be one of the following types.

Type	N argument
PU_ARBITRARY	0x0004
PU_PELS	0x0008
PU_LOMETRIC	0x000C
PU_HIMETRIC	0x0010
PU_LOENGLISH	0x0014
PU_HIENGLISH	0x0018
PU_TWIPS	0x001C

For more information about these types, see volume 2 of the OS/2 Programmer's Reference.

Be careful with spaces following control words when dealing with pictures in binary format. When reading files, RTF considers the first space after a control word the delimiter and subsequent spaces part of the document text. Therefore, any extra spaces are attached to the picture, with unpredictable results.

RTF writers should not use the carriage-return/linefeed (CR/LF) combination to break up pictures in binary format. If they do, the CR/LF combination is treated as literal text and considered part of the picture data.

The picture in hexadecimal or binary format follows the picture-destination control words. The following example illustrates the destination format:

{\pict\wbitmap0\picw170\pich77\wbmbitspixel1\wbmplanes1\wbmwidthbytes22
\picwgoal505
\pichgoal221
\picscalex172
\picscaley172
49f2000000000273023d1101a030
3901000a000000000273023d98
0048000200000275
02040000200010275023e000000000
273023d000002b90002b90002
b90002b90002b9
0002b90002b90002b90002b90002b90002
b92222b90002b90002b90
002b90002b9
0002b90002b90002b90002b9000

Objects

Microsoft OLE links, Microsoft OLE embedded objects, and Macintosh Edition Manager subscriber objects are represented in RTF as objects. Objects are destinations that contain a data part and a result part. The data part is generally hidden to the application that produced the document. A separate application uses the data and supplies the appearance of the data. This appearance is the result part of the object.

The representation of objects in RTF is designed to allow RTF readers that don't understand objects or don't use a particular type of object to use the current result in place of the object. This allows the appearance of the object to be maintained through the conversion even though the object functionality is lost. Each object comes with optional information about the object, a required destination that contains the object data, and an optional result that contains the current appearance of the object. This result contains standard RTF. It is an important responsibility of the RTF writer to provide the result, so that existing RTF readers that either do not support objects or do not support the particular type of object will be able to display the object.

When the object is an OLE embedded or linked object, the data part of the object is the structure produced by the OLESaveToStream function. Some OLE clients rely on the OLE system to render the object and a copy of the result is not available to the RTF writer for that application. For these cases, the object result can be extracted from the structure produced by the OLESaveToStream function. For information about the OLESaveToStream function, see the Microsoft Object Linking and Embedding Software Development Kit.

The syntax for this destination is:

<obj>	( '{' `\object` (<objtype> & <objmod>? & <objclass>? & <objname>? & <objtime>? & <objsize>? & <rsltmod>?) <objdata> <result> '}' ) \| <pubobject>
<objtype>	`\objemb` \| `\objlink` \| `\objautlink` \| `\objsub` \| `\objpub` \| `\objicemb` \| objhtml \| objocx
<objmod>	`\linkself`? & `\objlock`? \| `\objupdate`?
<objclass>	'{\' `\objclass`* #PCDATA '}'
<objname>	'{\' `\objname`* #PCDATA '}'
<objtime>	'{\' `\objtime`* <time> '}'
<rsltmod>	`\rsltmerge`? & <rslttype>?
<rslttype>	`\rsltrtf` \| `\rslttxt` \| `\rsltpict` \| `\rsltbmp` \| `\rslthtml`
<objsize>	`\objsetsize`? & *`\objalign`? & `\objtransy`? & <objhw>? & `\objcropt`? & `\objcropb`? & `\objcropl`? & `\objcropr`? & `\objscalex`? & `\objscaley`*?
<objhw>	*`\objh`* & *`\objw`*
<objdata>	'{\' `\objdata`* (<objalias>? & <objsect>?) <data> '}'
<objalias>	'{\' `\objalias`* <data> '}'
<objsect>	'{\' `\objsect`* <data> '}'
<result>	'{' `\result` <para>+ '}'

Control Word	Meaning
Object Type
`\objemb`	An object type of OLE embedded object. If no type is given for the object, the object is assumed to be of type `\objemb`.
`\objlink`	An object type of OLE link.
`\objautlink`	An object type of OLE autolink.
`\objsub`	An object type of Macintosh Edition Manager subscriber.
`\objpub`	An object type of Macintosh Edition Manager publisher.
`\objicemb`	An object type of MS Word for the Macintosh Installable Command (IC) Embedder.
\objhtml	An object type of HTML control.
\objocx	An object type of OLE control.
Object Information
`\linkself`	The object is a link to another part of the same document.
`\objlock`	Locks the object from any updates.
`\objupdate`	Forces an update to the object before displaying it. Note that this will override any values in the <objsize> control words, but reasonable values should always be provided for these to maintain backwards compatibility.
`\objclass`	The text argument is the object class to use for this object; ignore the class specified in the object data. This is a destination control word.
`\objname`	The text argument is the name of this object. This is a destination control word.
`\objtime`	Describes the time that the object was last updated.
Object Size, Position, Cropping, and Scaling
`\objh`N	N is the original object height in twips, assuming the object has a graphical representation.
`\objw`N	N is the original object width in twips, assuming the object has a graphical representation.
`\objsetsize`	Forces the object server to set the object's dimensions to that specified by the client.
`\objalign`N	N is the distance in twips from the left edge of the objects that should be aligned on a tab stop. This is needed to place Equation Editor equations correctly in line.
`\objtransy`N	N is the distance in twips the objects should be moved vertically with respect to the baseline. This is needed to place Math Type equations correctly in line.
`\objcropt`N	N is the top cropping distance in twips.
`\objcropb`N	N is the bottom cropping distance in twips.
`\objcropl`N	N is the left cropping distance in twips.
`\objcropr`N	N is the right cropping distance in twips.
`\objscalex`N	N is the horizontal scaling percentage.
`\objscaley`N	N is the vertical scaling percentage.
Object Data
`\objdata`	This subdestination contains the data for the object in the appropriate format; OLE objects are in OLESaveToStream format. This is a destination control word.
`\objalias`	This subdestination contains the alias record for the publisher object for the Macintosh Edition Manager. This is a destination control word.
`\objsect`	This subdestination contains the section record for the publisher object for the Macintosh Edition Manager. This is a destination control word.
Object Result
`\rsltrtf`	Forces the result to be rich text format, if possible.
`\rsltpict`	Forces the result to be a Windows metafile or MacPict image format, if possible.
`\rsltbmp`	Forces the result to be a bitmap, if possible.
`\rslttxt`	Forces the result to be plain text, if possible.
`\rslthtml`	Forces the result to be HTML, if possible.
`\rsltmerge`	Uses the formatting of the current result whenever a new result is obtained.
`\result`	The result destination is optional in the `\object` destination. It contains the last update of the result of the object. The data of the result destination should be standard RTF so that RTF readers that don't understand objects or the type of object represented can use the current result in the object's place to maintain appearance. This is a destination control word.

When Word is used as an editor for Mail, the following control word can be emitted. It is not seen in other situations.

Control Word	Meaning
\objattph	Object attachment placeholder. Used in the RTF stream when Word is started as a mail editor and the message contains attachments. The control word tells where in the text stream the attachment should be placed. It does not define the actual attachment.

Macintosh Edition Manager Publisher Objects

Word for the Macintosh writes publisher objects for the Macintosh Edition Manager in terms of bookmarks (see the Bookmarks section of this RTF Specification). The range of publisher objects are marked as bookmarks, so these controls are all used within the \bkmkstart destination. The RTF syntax for a publisher object is:

<pubobject> '{\*' \bkmkstart \bkmkpub \pubauto? (<objalias>? & <objsect>) #PCDATA '}'

Control Word	Meaning
`\bkmkpub`	The bookmark marks a Macintosh Edition Manager publisher object.
`\pubauto`	The publisher object updates all Macintosh Edition Manager subscribers of this object automatically whenever it is edited.

Drawing Objects

Word 6.0/95 RTF

Drawing objects and the drawing primitives enumerated within drawing object groups use the syntax described by the following tables.

<do>	'{\' `\do`* <dohead> <dpinfo>'}'
<dohead>	<dobx> <doby> <dodhgt> <dolock>?
<dobx>	`\dobxpage` \| `\dobxcolumn` \| `\dobxmargin`
<doby>	`\dobypage` \| `\dobypara` \| `\dobymargin`
<dodhgt>	*`\dodhgt`*
<dolock>	`\dolock`
<dpinfo>	<dpgroup> \| <dpcallout> \| <dpsimple>
<dpgroup>	`\dpgroup` `\`dpcount <dphead> <dpinfo>+ `\dpendgroup` <dphead>
<dpcallout>	`\dpcallout` <cotype> <coangle>? <coaccent>? <cosmartattach>? <cobestfit>? <cominusx>? <cominusy>? <coborder>? <codescent>? *`\dpcooffset`* *`\dpcolength`* <dphead> <dppolyline> <dphead> <dpprops> <dptextbox> <dphead> <dpprops>
<dpsimple>	<dpsimpledpk> <dphead> <dpprops>
<dpsimpledpk>	<dpline> \| <dprect> \| <dptextbox> \| <dpellipse> \| <dppolyline> \| <dparc>
<dpline>	`\dpline` <dppt> <dppt>
<dprect>	`\dprect` (`\dproundr`)?
<dptextbox>	`\dptxbx` (`\dptxlrtb` \| `\dptxtbrl` \| `\dptxbtlr` \| `\dptxlrtbv` \| `\dptxtbrlv`)? *`\dptxbxmar`* '{' `\dptxbxtext` <para>+'}'
<dpellipse>	`\dpellipse`
<dparc>	`\dparc` `\dparcflipx`? \dparcflipy?
<dppolyline>	`\dppolyline` (`\dppolygon`)? *`\dppolycount`* <dppt>+
<dppt>	*`\dpptx`* *`\dppty`*
<dphead>	`\`*dpx* *`\dpy`* *`\dpxsize`* *`\dpysize`*

Note In <dpgroup>, the number of <dpinfo>s is equal to the argument of \dpcount, whereas in <dppolyline> the number of <dppt>s is equal to the argument of \dppolycount.

The following elements of the drawing-object syntax pertain specifically to callout objects:

<cotype>	`\dpcotright` \| `\dpcotsingle` \| `\dpcotdouble` \| `\dpcottriple`
<coangle>	*`\dpcoa`*
<coaccent>	`\dpcoaccent`
<cosmartattach>	`\dpcosmarta`
<cobestfit>	`\dpcobestfit`
<cominusx>	`\`dpcominusx
<cominusy>	`\dpcominusy`
<coborder>	`\dpcoborder`
<codescent>	`\`dpcodtop \| `\dpcodcenter` \| `\dpcodbottom` \| *`\dpcodabs`*

The remaining elements of the drawing object syntax are properties applied to individual drawn primitives:

<dpprops>	<lineprops>? <fillprops>? <endstylestart>? <endstyleend>? <shadow>?
<lineprops>	<linestyle> <linecolor> *`\dplinew`*
<linestyle>	`\dplinesolid` \| `\dplinehollow` \| `\dplinedash` \| `\dplinedot` \| `\dplinedado` \| `\dplinedadodo`
<linecolor>	<linegray> \| <linergb>
<linegray>	*`\dplinegray`*
<linergb>	*`\dplinecor`* *`\dplinecog`* *`\dplinecob`*<linepal>?
<linepal>	`\dplinepal`
<fillprops>	<fillcolorfg> <fillcolorbg> *`\dpfillpat`*
<fillcolorfg>	<fillfggray> \| <fillfgrgb>
<fillfggray>	*`\dpfillfggray`*
<fillfgrgb>	*`\dpfillfgcr`* \*dpfillfgcg* `\`*dpfillfgcb*<fillfgpal>?
<fillfgpal>	`\dpfillfgpal`
<fillcolorbg>	<fillbggray> \| <fillbgrgb>
<fillbggray>	*`\dpfillbggray`*
<fillbgrgb>	*`\dpfillbgcr` \dpfillbgcg \dpfillbgcb*<fillbgpal>?
<fillbgpal>	`\dpfillbgpal`
<endstylestart>	<arrowstartfill> *`\dpastartl`* *`\dpastartw`*
<arrowstartfill>	`\dpastartsol` \| `\dpastarthol`
<endstyleend>	<arrowendfill> *`\dpaendl`* *`\dpaendw`*
<arrowendfill>	`\dpaendsol` \| `\dpaendhol`
<shadow>	`\`dpshadow *`\dpshadx`* *`\dpshady`*

The following table describes the control words for the drawing object group in detail. All color values are RGB values between 0-255. All distances are in twips. All other values are as indicated.

Control Word	Definition
`\do`	Indicates a drawing object is to be inserted at this point in the character stream. This is a destination control word.
`\dolock`	The drawing object's anchor is locked and cannot be moved.
`\dobxpage`	The drawing object is page relative in the x-direction.
`\dobxcolumn`	The drawing object is column relative in the x-direction.
`\dobxmargin`	The drawing object is margin relative in the x-direction.
`\dobypage`	The drawing object is page relative in the y-direction.
`\dobypara`	The drawing object is paragraph relative in the y-direction.
`\dobymargin`	The drawing object is margin relative in the y-direction.
`\dodhgt`N	The drawing object is positioned at the following numeric address in the z-ordering.
Drawing Primitives
`\dpgroup`	Begin group of drawing primitives.
`\dpcount`N	Number of drawing primitives in the current group.
`\dpendgroup`	End group of drawing primitives.
`\dparc`	Arc drawing primitive.
`\dpcallout`	Callout drawing primitive, which consists of both a polyline and a text box.
`\dpellipse`	Ellipse drawing primitive.
`\dpline`	Line drawing primitive.
`\dppolygon`	Polygon drawing primitive (closed polyline).
`\dppolyline`	Polyline drawing primitive.
`\dprect`	Rectangle drawing primitive.
`\dptxbx`	Text box drawing primitive.
Position and Size
`\dpx`N	X-offset of the drawing primitive from its anchor.
`\dpxsize`N	X-size of the drawing primitive.
`\dpy`N	Y-offset of the drawing primitive from its anchor.
`\dpysize`N	Y-size of the drawing primitive.
Callouts
`\dpcoa`N	Angle of callout's diagonal line is restricted to one of the following: 0, 30, 45, 60, or 90. If this control word is absent, the callout has an arbitrary angle, indicated by the coordinates of its primitives.
`\dpcoaccent`	Accent bar on callout (vertical bar between polyline and text box).
`\dpcobestfit`	Best fit callout (x-length of each line in callout is similar).
`\dpcoborder`	Visible border on callout text box.
`\dpcodabs`	Absolute distance-attached polyline.
`\dpcodbottom`	Bottom-attached polyline.
`\dpcodcenter`	Center-attached polyline.
`\dpcodtop`	Top-attached callout.
`\dpcodescent`N	The descent of the callout
`\dpcolength`N	Length of callout.
`\dpcominusx`	Text box falls in quadrants II or III relative to polyline origin.
`\dpcominusy`	Text box falls in quadrants III or IV relative to polyline origin.
`\dpcooffset`N	Offset of callout. This is the distance between the end of the polyline and the edge of the text box.
`\dpcosmarta`	Auto-attached callout. Polyline will attach to either the top or bottom of the text box depending on the relative quadrant.
`\dpcotdouble`	Double line callout.
`\dpcotright`	Right angle callout.
`\dpcotsingle`	Single line callout.
`\dpcottriple`	Triple line callout.
Text Boxes and Rectangles
`\dptxbxmar`N	Internal margin of the text box.
`\dptxbxtext`	Group that contains the text of the text box.
\dptxlrtb	Text box flows from left to right and top to bottom (default).
\dptxtbrl	Text box flows from right to left and top to bottom.
\dptxbtlr	Text box flows from left to right and bottom to top.
\dptxlrtbv	Text box flows from left to right and top to bottom, vertically.
\dptxtbrlv	Text box flows from top to bottom and right to left, vertically.
`\dproundr`	Rectangle is a round rectangle.
Lines and Polylines
`\dpptx`N	X-coordinate of the current vertex (only for lines and polylines). The coordinate order for a point must be x, y.
`\dppty`N	Y-coordinate of the current vertex (only for lines and polylines). The coordinate order for a point must be x, y.
`\dppolycount`N	Number of vertices in polyline drawing primitive.
Arcs
`\dparcflipx`	This indicates that the end point of the arc is to the right of the start point. Arcs are drawn counter-clockwise.
`\dparcflipy`	This indicates that the end point of the arc is below the start point. Arcs are drawn counter-clockwise.
Line Style
`\dplinecob`N	Blue value for line color.
`\dplinecog`N	Green value for line color.
`\dplinecor`N	Red value for line color.
`\dplinepal`	Render line color using the PALETTERGB macro instead of the RGB macro in Windows.
`\dplinedado`	Dashed-dotted line style.
`\dplinedadodo`	Dashed-dotted-dotted line style.
`\dplinedash`	Dashed line style.
`\dplinedot`	Dotted line style.
`\dplinegray`N	Grayscale value for line color (in half-percentages).
`\dplinehollow`	Hollow line style (no line color).
`\dplinesolid`	Solid line style.
`\dplinew`N	Thickness of line (in twips).
Arrow Style
`\dpaendhol`	Hollow end arrow (lines only).
`\dpaendl`N	Length of end arrow, relative to pen width: 1 — Small 2 — Medium 3 — Large
`\dpaendsol`	Solid end arrow (lines only).
`\dpaendw`N	Width of end arrow, relative to pen width: 1 — Small 2 — Medium 3 — Large
`\dpastarthol`	Hollow start arrow (lines only).
`\dpastartl`N	Length of start arrow, relative to pen width: 1 — Small 2 — Medium 3 — Large
`\dpastartsol`	Solid start arrow (lines only).
`\dpastartw`N	Width of start arrow, relative to pen width: 1 — Small 2 — Medium 3 — Large
Fill Pattern
`\dpfillbgcb`N	Blue value for background fill color.
`\dpfillbgcg`N	Green value for background fill color.
`\dpfillbgcr`N	Red value for background fill color.
`\dpfillbgpal`	Render fill background color using the PALETTERGB macro instead of the RGB macro in Windows.
`\dpfillbggray`N	Grayscale value for background fill (in half-percentages).
`\dpfillfgcb`N	Blue value for foreground fill color.
`\dpfillfgcg`N	Green value for foreground fill color.
`\dpfillfgcr`N	Red value for foreground fill color.
`\dpfillfgpal`	Render fill foreground color using the PALETTERGB macro instead of the RGB macro in Windows.
`\dpfillfggray`N	Grayscale value for foreground fill (in half-percentages).
`\dpfillpat`N	Index into a list of fill patterns. See below for list.
Shadow
`\dpshadow`	Current drawing primitive has a shadow.
`\dpshadx`N	X-offset of the shadow.
`\dpshady`N	Y-offset of the shadow.

The following values are available for specifying fill patterns in drawing objects with the \dpfillpat control word.

Value	Fill pattern
0	Clear (no pattern)
1	Solid (100%)
2	5%
3	10%
4	20%
5	25%
6	30%
7	40%
8	50%
9	60%
10	70%
11	75%
12	80%
13	90%
14	Dark horizontal lines
15	Dark vertical lines
16	Dark left-diagonal lines (\\\)
17	Dark right-diagonal lines (///)
18	Dark grid lines
19	Dark trellis lines
20	Light horizontal lines
21	Light vertical lines
22	Light left-diagonal lines (\\\)
23	Light right-diagonal lines (///)
24	Light grid lines
25	Light trellis lines

Word 97-2000 RTF for Drawing Objects (Shapes)

Basic Format

The basic format for drawing objects in RTF is as follows

{ \shp   ........  { \*\shpinst  { \spp  { \sn .......... }  { \sp .............. }  }  }
            { \shprslt   ............... }   }

The first destination (\shp) is always present. This control word groups everything related to a shape together. Following the destination change, comes basic information regarding the shape. The following keywords with values can appear in any order after the "{ \shp" control word.

Control Word	Meaning
Shape Keywords
`\`shpleftN	The value N is a measurement in twips. Specifies position of shape from the left of the anchor.
`\`shptopN	The value N is a measurement in twips. Specifies position of shape from top of the anchor.
`\`shpbottomN	The value N is a measurement in twips. Specifies position of shape from bottom of the anchor.
`\`shprightN	The value N is a measurement in twips. Specifies position of shape from right of the anchor.
`\`shplidN	A number that is unique to each shape. This keyword is primarily used for linked text boxes. The value N is a long integer.
`\`shpzN	Describes z-order of shape. It starts at 0 for the back most shape and proceed to N for the top most shape. The shapes that appear inside of the header document will have a separate z-order as compared to the z-order of the shapes in the main document. For instance the back-most shape in the header will have z-order number 0, and the back-most main-document shape will also have z-order number 0.
`\`shpfhdrN	0 if the shape is in the main document. 1 if the shape is in the header document.
`\shpbxpage`	The shape is positioned relative to the page in the x (horizontal) direction.
`\shpbxmargin`	The shape is positioned relative to the margin in the x (horizontal) direction.
`\shpbxcolumn`	The shape is positioned relative to the column in the x (horizontal) direction.
`\shpbxignore`	Ignore `\shpbxpage`, `\shpbxmargin`, and `\shpbxcolumn`, in favor of \posrelh. The ignored properties will be written for backwards compatibility with older readers that do not understand `\posrelh`.
\shpbypage	The shape is positioned relative to the page in the y (vertical) direction.
`\shpbymargin`	The shape is positioned relative to the margin in the y (vertical) direction.
`\shpbypara`	The shape is positioned relative to the paragraph in the y (vertical) direction.
`\shpbyignore`	Ignore `\shpbypage`, `\shpbymargin`, and `\shpbxpara`, in favor of \posrelh. The ignored properties will be written for backwards compatibility with older readers that do not understand `\posrelh`.
`\`shpwrN	Describes the type of wrap for the shape. 1 — Wrap around top and bottom of shape (no text allowed beside shape) 2 — Wrap around shape 3 — None (wrap as if shape isn't present) 4 — Wrap tightly around shape 5 — Wrap text through shape
`\`shpwrkN	Wrap on side (for types 2 and 4 for \shpwrN ). 0 — Wrap both sides of shape 1 — Wrap left side only 2 — Wrap right side only 3 — Wrap only on largest side
`\`shpfblwtxtN	Describes relative z-ordering. 0 — Text is below shape 1 — Shape is below text
`\`shplockanchor	Lock anchor for shape.
`\`shptxt	Text for a shape. The text must come after all the other properties for the shape (inside the \shpinst destination) in the following format: { \shptxt Any Valid RTF for the current textbox } Note For linked text boxes, the first text box of the linked set has the entire story, so all following text boxes will not have a \shptxt field.
`\`shprslt	This is where the Word 6.0/95 drawn object RTF can be placed.
`\`shpgrp	Specifies a group shape. The parameters following this keyword are the same as those following `\shp`. The order of the shapes inside a group is from bottom to top in z-order. Inside of a \shpgrp, no `{ \shprslt .... }` fields would be generated (that is, only the root-level shape can have a \shprslt field (this field describes the entire group). For example: { \shpgrp ....... { \shp ..... (and all sub-items as usual) } { \shp ......(and all sub-items as usual) } Note A `{ \shpgrp ...... }` can be substituted for a `{ \shp ..... }` at any place (to accomplish groups inside of groups).

With the exception of \shplid, these do not apply for shapes that are within a group. For more information about groups, see the "Introduction" section of this RTF Specification.

Control Word	Meaning
`\`background	Specifies the document background. This is a destination keyword. It contains the `{ \shp` keyword and all the shape properties.

Drawing Object Properties

The { \shp ............ control word is followed by { \*\shpinst.

The bulk of a shape is defined as a series of properties. Following the { \*\shpinst is a list of all the properties of a shape each in the following format:

{ \sp  { \sn PropertyName } { \sv PropertyValueInformation } }

The control word for the drawing object property is \sp. Each property has a pair of name (\sn) and value (\sv) control words placed in the shape property group. For example, the vertical flip property is represented as:

{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 1}}

Here, the name of the property is fFlipV and the value is 1, which indicates True. All shape properties follow this basic format. Only properties that have been explicitly set for a shape are written out in RTF format. Other properties assume the default values (a property may be set to the default value explicitly).

The following table describes all the names of properties for drawing objects, together with the type of their corresponding value.

Property	Type of Value	Meaning	Default
Position
posh		Horizontal alignment: 1 — Left 2 — Center 3 — Right 4 — Inside 5 — Outside This overrides the absolute position specified in `\shpleft`N and `\shpright`N.	Absolute position as specified in `\shpleft`N and `\shpright`N.
posrelh		Position horizontally relative to: 0 — Margin 1 — Page 2 — Column 3 — Character	2, if posh is present
posv		Vertical alignment: 1 — Center 2 — Column 3 — Bottom 4 — Inside 5 — Outside This overrides the absolute position specified in `\shptop`N and `\shpbottom`N..	Absolute position as specified in `\shptop`N and `\shpbottom`N..
posrelv		Position horizontally relative to: 0 — Margin 1 — Page 2 — Paragraph 3 — Line 2 is the assumed value if the property is not explicitly written.	2, if posv is present
fLayoutInCell	Boolean	Allow shape to anchor and position inside table cells.	FALSE
fAllowOverlap	Boolean	Allow shape to overlap other shapes with the following exception: A shape with None wrapping (\shpwr3) can always overlap an object with other types of wrapping and vice-versa.	TRUE
fChangePage	Boolean	Anchor may change page	FALSE

Object Type
fIsBullet	Boolean	Indicates whether a picture was inserted as a picture bullet.	FALSE.
Rotation	Angle	Rotation of the shape.	0
fFlipV	Boolean	Vertical flip, applied after the rotation.	FALSE
fFlipH	Boolean	Horizontal flip, applied after the rotation.	FALSE
ShapeType		See below for values. 0 indicates user-drawn freeforms and polygons.
wzName	String	Shape name (only set through Visual Basic� for Applications).	NULL
pWrapPolygonVertices	Array	Points of the text wrap polygon.	NULL
dxWrapDistLeft	EMU	Left wrapping distance from text.	114305
dyWrapDistTop	EMU	Top wrapping distance from text.	0
dxWrapDistRight	EMU	Right wrapping distance from text.	114305
dyWrapDistBottom	EMU	Bottom wrapping distance from text.	0
fBehindDocument	Boolean	Place the shape behind text.	FALSE
fIsButton	Boolean	A button shape (i.e., clicking performs an action). Set for shapes with attached hyperlinks or macros.	FALSE
fHidden	Boolean	Do not display or print (only set through Visual Basic for Applications).	FALSE
pihlShape	Hyperlink	The hyperlink in the shape.	NULL
fArrowheadsOK	Boolean	Allow arrowheads	FALSE
fBackground	Boolean	This is the background shape.	FALSE
fDeleteAttachedObject	Boolean	Delete object attached to shape	FALSE
fEditedWrap	Boolean	The shape's wrap polygon has been edited	FALSE
fHidden	Boolean	Do not display	FALSE
fHitTestFill	Boolean	Hit test fill	TRUE
fHitTestLine	Boolean	Hit test lines	TRUE
fInitiator	Boolean	Set by the solver	NULL
fNoFillHitTest	Boolean	Hit test a shape as though filled	FALSE
fNoHitTestPicture	Boolean	Do not hit test the picture	FALSE
fNoLineDrawDash	Boolean	Draw a dashed line if no line	FALSE
fOleIcon	Boolean	For OLE objects, whether the object is in icon form	FALSE
fOnDblClickNotify	Boolean	Notify client on a double click	FALSE
fOneD	Boolean	1D adjustment	FALSE
fPreferRelativeResize	Boolean	For UI only. Prefer relative resizing.	FALSE
fPrint	Boolean	Print this shape	TRUE
hspMaster	Shape ID	master shape	NULL
hspNext	Shape ID	ID of the next shape (used by Word for linked textboxes)	NULL
xLimo	Long integer	defines the limo stretch point
yLimo	Long integer	defines the limo stretch point

Lock
fLockRotation	Boolean	Lock rotation.	FALSE
fLockAspectRatio	Boolean	Lock aspect ratio.	FALSE
fLockAgainstSelect	Boolean	Lock against selection.	FALSE
fLockCropping	Boolean	Lock against cropping	FALSE
fLockVerticies	Boolean	Lock against edit mode.	FALSE
fLockText	Boolean	Lock text against editing	FALSE
fLockAdjustHandles	Boolean	Lock adjust handles	FALSE
fLockAgainstGrouping	Boolean	Lock against grouping	FALSE
fLockShapeType	Boolean	Lock the shape type (don't allow Change Shape)	FALSE

Text Box
dxTextLeft	EMU	Left internal margin of the text box.	91440
dyTextTop	EMU	Top internal margin of the text box.	45720
dxTextRight	EMU	Right internal margin of the text box.	91440
dyTextBottom	EMU	Bottom internal margin of the text box.	45720
WrapText		Wrap text at shape margins: 0 — Square 1 — Tight 2 — None 3 — Top Bottom 4 — Through	0
anchorText		Text anchor point: 0 — Top 1 — Middle 2 — Bottom 3 — Top Centered 4 — Middle Centered 5 — Bottom Centered 6 — Bottom Centered Baseline	0
txflTextFlow		Text flow: 0 — Horizontal non-ASCII font 1 — Top to bottom ASCII font 2 — Bottom to top non-ASCII font 3 — Top to bottom non-ASCII font 4 — Horizontal ASCII font	0
cdirFont	Direction	Font rotation: 0 — Right 1 — Down 2 — Left 3 — Up	0
fAutoTextMargin	Boolean	Use host's margin calculations	FALSE
scaleText	Long Integer	Text zoom/scale	0
lTxid	Long integer	id for the text, value determined by the host	0
fRotateText	Boolean	Rotate text with shape	FALSE
fSelectText	Boolean	TRUE if single click selects text, FALSE if two clicks	TRUE
fFitShapeToText	Boolean	Size shape to fit text size	FALSE
fFitTextToShape	Boolean	Size text to fit shape size	FALSE

WordArt Effect
gtextUNICODE	String	Unicode text string.	NULL
gtextAlign		Alignment on curve: 0 — Stretch each line of text to fit width 1 — Center text on width 2 — Left justify 3 — Right justify 4 — Spread letters out to fit width 5 — Spread words out to fit width	1
gtextSize	Fixed	Default point size.	2359296
gtextSpacing	Fixed	Adjust the spacing between characters (1.0 is normal).	65536
gtextFont	String	Font name.	NULL
fGtext	Boolean	True if the text effect properties (gtext) are used. False* if these properties are ignored.	FALSE
gtextFVertical	Boolean	If an @ font is available use it; otherwise, rotate individual characters 90 degrees counter-clockwise.	FALSE
gtextFKern	Boolean	If the font supports character pair kerning, use it.	FALSE
gtextFTight	Boolean	Adjust the spacing between characters rather than the character advance by the gtextSpacingratio.	FALSE
gtextFStretch	Boolean	Stretch the text to fit shape.	FALSE
gtextFShrinkFit	Boolean	When laying out the characters, consider the glyph bounding box rather than the nominal font character bounds.	FALSE
gtextFBestFit	Boolean	Scale text laid out on a path to fit the path.	FALSE
gtextFNormalize	Boolean	Stretch individual character heights independently to fit.	FALSE
gtextFDxMeasure	Boolean	When laying out characters, measure distances along the x-axis rather than along the path.	FALSE
gtextFBold	Boolean	Bold font (if available).	FALSE
gtextFItalic	Boolean	Italic font (if available).	FALSE
gtextFUnderline	Boolean	Underline font (if available).	FALSE
gtextFShadow	Boolean	Shadow font (if available).	FALSE
gtextFSmallcaps	Boolean	Small caps font (if available).	FALSE
gtextFStrikethrough	Boolean	Strikethrough font (if available).	FALSE
fGtextOK	Boolean	Text effect (WordArt) supported	FALSE
gtextFReverseRows	Boolean	Reverse row order	FALSE
gtextRTF	String	RTF text string	NULL

Picture
cropFromTop	Fixed	Top cropping percentage.	0
cropFromBottom	Fixed	Bottom cropping percentage.	0
cropFromLeft	Fixed	Left cropping percentage.	0
cropFromRight	Fixed	Right cropping percentage.	0
pib	Picture	Binary picture data.	NULL
pibName	String	Picture file name for link to file pictures.	NULL
pibFlags		Flags for linked pictures: 0 — No links (default) 10 — Link to file; save with document 14 — Link to file; do not save picture with document	0
pictureTransparent	Color	Transparent color.	0
pictureContrast	Fixed	Contrast setting.	65536
PictureBrightness	Fixed	Brightness setting.	0
pictureGamma	Fixed	Gamma correction setting.	0
pictureGray	Boolean	Display grayscale.	0
pictureBiLevel	Boolean	Display bi-level.	0
pibPrint	Picture	Blip to display when printing	NULL
pibPrintFlags		Flags: 0 — No links (default) 10 — Link to file; save with document 14 — Link to file; do not save picture with document	0
pibPrintName	String	Blip file name	NULL
pictureActive	Boolean	Server is active (OLE objects only)	FALSE
pictureDblCrMod	Color	Modification used if shape has double shadow	no change
pictureFillCrMod	Color	Modification for BW views	undefined
pictureId	Long integer	Host-defined ID for OLE objects (usually a pointer)	0
pictureLineCrMod	Color	Modification for BW views	undefined

Geometry
geoLeft	Long integer	Left edge of the bounds of a user-drawn shape.	0
geoTop	Long integer	Top edge of the bounds of a user-drawn shape.	0
geoRight	Long integer	Right edge of the bounds of a user-drawn shape.	21600
geoBottom	Long integer	Bottom edge of the bounds of a user-drawn shape.	21600
pVerticies	Array	The points of the shape.	NULL
pSegmentInfo	Array	The segment information.	NULL
pFragments	Array	Fragments are optional additional parts to the shape. They allow the shape contain multiple paths and parts. This property lists the fragments of the shape	NULL
pGuides	Array	Guide formulas—an array of elements that correspond to the Vector Markup Language (VML) <formulas> element, each array entry being a single <f> entry.	NULL
pInscribe	Array	The inscribed rectangle definition.	NULL
pAdjustHandles	Array	The adjust handle definitions—an array of values corresponding to the VML <handles> element.	NULL
adjustValue	Integer	First adjust value from an adjust handle. The interpretation varies with the shape type. Adjust values alter the geometry of the shape in smart ways.	0
adjust2Value	Long integer	Second adjust value.	0
adjust3Value	Long integer	Third adjust value.	0
adjust4Value	Long integer	Fourth adjust value.	0
adjust5Value	Long integer	Fifth adjust value.	0
adjust6Value	Long integer	Sixth adjust value.	0
adjust7Value	Long integer	Seventh adjust value.	0
adjust8Value	Long integer	Eighth adjust value.	0
adjust9Value	Long integer	Ninth adjust value.	0
adjust10Value	Long integer	Tenth adjust value.	0

Grouped Shapes
fRelChangePage	Boolean	Anchor may change page	FALSE
fRelFlipH	Boolean	Vertical flip for object inside a group, relative to its container and applied after the rotation.	FALSE
fRelFlipV	Boolean	Horizontal flip for object inside a group, relative to its container and applied after the rotation.	FALSE
groupBottom	Twips	Defines the height of the group rectangle. Note that it does not necessarily indicate position on the page. The difference between groupBottom and groupTop should match the dimensions specified by `\`*shptop* and `\`*shpbottom*.	20000
groupLeft	Twips	Defines the width of the group rectangle. Note that it does not necessarily indicate position on the page. The difference between groupLeft and groupRight should match the dimensions specified by `\`*shpleft* and `\`*shpright*.	0
groupRight	Twips	Defines the width of the group rectangle. Note that it does not necessarily indicate position on the page. The difference between groupLeft and groupRight should match the dimensions specified by `\`*shpleft* and `\`*shpright*.	20000
groupTop	Twips	Defines the height of the group rectangle. Note that it does not necessarily indicate position on the page. The difference between groupBottom and groupTop should match the dimensions specified by `\`*shptop* and `\`*shpbottom*.	0
relBottom.	Twips	Defines the bottom of a shape within its parent shape (used for shapes in a group). The measurement is relative to the position of the parent group or drawing.	1
relLeft	Twips	Defines the left of a shape within its parent shape (used for shapes in a group). The measurement is relative to the position of the parent group or drawing.	0
relRight.	Twips	Defines the right of a shape within its parent shape (used for shapes in a group). The measurement is relative to the position of the parent group or drawing.	1
relRotation	Fixed	Represents the information stored in the site of a shape that defines the size and location of the shape in the parent group or drawing. The coordinates are relative to the position of the parent group or drawing. The units are relative to the m_rcg of the parent.	0
relTop	Twips	Defines the top of a shape within its parent shape (used for shapes in a group). The measurement is relative to the position of the parent group or drawing.	0
lidRegroup	Long integer	Regroup ID	0

Fill
fillType	Fill type	Type of fill: 0A — solid color 1A — pattern (bitmap) 2A — texture (pattern with its own color map) 3A — picture centered in the shape 4 — Shade from start to end points 5 — Shade from bounding rectangle to end point 6 — Shade from shape outline to end point 7 — Shade using the fillAngle	0
fillColor	Color	Foreground color.	White
fillOpacity	Fixed	Opacity.	65536
fillBackColor	Color	Background color.	White
fillBackOpacity	Fixed	Opacity for shades only.	65536
fillBlip	Picture	Pattern/texture picture for the fill.	NULL
fillBlipName	String	Picture file name for custom fills.	NULL
fillblipflags		Flags for fills: 0 — No links (default) 10 — Link to file; save with document 14 — Link to file; do not save picture with document	0
fillWidth	EMU	The pattern or tile will be expanded to approximately this size.	0
fillHeight	EMU	The pattern or tile will be expanded to approximately this size.	0
fillAngle	Fixed	Fade angle number of degrees.	0
fillFocus		Linear shaded fill focus percent.	0
fillToLeft	Fixed	The fillToLeft, fillToTop, fillToRight, and fillToBottom values define the "focus" rectangle for concentric shapes; they are specified as a fraction of the outer rectangle of the shade.	0
fillToTop	Fixed	See fillToLeft definition.	0
fillToRight	Fixed	See fillToLeft definition.	0
fillToBottom	Fixed	See fillToLeft definition.	0
fillShadeColors	Array	Custom or preset color ramps for graduated fills on shapes.	NULL
fillOriginX	Fixed	When a textured fill is used, the texture may be aligned to with shape (fFillShape)—if this is done, the default alignment is to the top left. The values FillOriginY FillShapeOriginX fillShapeOriginY allow an arbitrary position in the texture (relative to the top-left proportion of the texture's height and width) to be aligned on an arbitrary position on the shape (relative to the top-left proportion of the width and height of the bounding box). Note that all these values are fixed point fractions of the relevant width or height.	0
fillOriginY	Fixed	See fillOriginX definition.	0
fillShapeOriginX	Fixed	See fillOriginX definition.	0
fillShapeOriginY	Fixed	See fillOriginX definition.	0
fFilled	Boolean	The shape is filled.	TRUE
fillCrMod	Color	Modification for BW views	undefined
fillDztype	Measurement type	Measurement type: 0 — Default size, ignore the values 1 — Values are in EMUs 2 — Values are in pixels 3 — Values are fixed fractions of shape size 4 — Aspect ratio is fixed 5 — EMUs, fixed aspect ratio 6 — Pixels, fixed aspect ratio 7 — Proportion of shape, fixed aspect ratio 8 — Aspect ratio is fixed, favor larger size 9 — EMUs, fixed aspect ratio 10 — Pixels, fixed aspect ratio 11 — Proportion of shape, fixed aspect ratio	0
fillRectBottom	EMU	For shaded fills, use the specified rectangle instead of the shape's bounding rect to define how large the fade is going to be.	0
fillRectLeft	EMU	For shaded fills, use the specified rectangle instead of the shape's bounding rect to define how large the fade is going to be.	0
fillRectRight	EMU	For shaded fills, use the specified rectangle instead of the shape's bounding rect to define how large the fade is going to be.	0
fillRectTop	EMU	For shaded fills, use the specified rectangle instead of the shape's bounding rect to define how large the fade is going to be.	0
fillShadeColors	Array	Preset array of colors	NULL
fillShadePreset	Long integer	Special shades	0
fillShadeType	Shade Type	Type of shading, if a shaded (gradient) fill.	Default
fillShape	Boolean	Register pattern on shape	TRUE
fillUseRect	Boolean	Use the large rectangle	FALSE
fillWidth	EMU	How big to make a metafile texture.	0
fFillOK	Boolean	OK to fill the shape through the UI or VBA?	TRUE
fFillShadeShapeOK	Boolean	If true a concentric shade (repeatedly drawing the shape at decreasing size) is permitted for this path, if not then it is not (normally because the repeated drawing will overwrite the shape boundary.)	FALSE

Line
lineColor	Color	Color of the line.	Black
lineBackColor	Color	Background color of the pattern.	White
lineType	Line type	Type of line: 0 — Solid fill with the line color 1 — Patterned fill with the lineFillBlip 2 — Textured fill with the lineFillBlip 3 — Picture fill with the lineFillBlip	0
lineFillBlip	Picture	Pattern for the line.	NULL
lineFillBlipFlags		Flags for patterned lines: 0 — No links (default) 10 — Link to file; save with document 14 — Link to file; do not save picture with document	0
lineFillWidth	EMU	Width of the pattern	0
lineFillHeight	EMU	Height of the pattern	0
lineWidth	EMU	Line width	9525 (0.75pt)
lineStyle	Line Style	Line style: 0 — Single line (of width lineWidth) 1 — Double lines of equal width 2 — Double lines, one thick, one thin 3 — Double lines, reverse order 4 — Three lines, thin, thick, thin	0
lineDashing	Dash Style	Dashing: 0 — Solid 1 — Dash (Windows) 2 — Dot (Windows) 3 — Dash dot (Windows) 4 — Dash dot dot (Windows) 6 — Dot 7 — Dash 8 — Long dash 9 — Dash dot 10 — Long dash dot 11 — Long dash dot dot	0
lineStartArrowhead	Arrow Type	Start arrow type: 0 — Nothing 1 — Arrow 2 — Stealth arrow 3 — Diamond 4 — Oval 6 — Open arrow 7 — Chevron arrow 8 — Double chevron arrow	0
lineEndArrowhead	Arrow Type	End arrow type (same values as for lineStartArrowhead).	0
lineStartArrowWidth	Arrow Width	Start arrow width: 0 — Narrow 1 — Medium 2 — Wide	1
lineStartArrowLength	Arrow Length	Start arrow length: 0 — Short 1 — Medium 2 — Long	1
lineEndArrowWidth	Arrow Width	End arrow width (same values as for lineStartArrowWidth).	1
lineEndArrowLength	Arrow Length	End arrow length (same values as for lineStartArrowLength).	1
fLine	Boolean	Has a line.	TRUE
lineBackColor	Color	Background color	white
lineCrMod	Color	Modification for BW views	undefined
lineDashStyle	Array	Line dash style	NULL
lineEndCapStyle	Line Cap Style	Line Cap Style for shape: 0 — Round 1 — Square 2 — Flat	2
lineFillBlipName	String	Blip file name	NULL
lineFillDztype	Measurement type	How to interpret fillWidth/Height numbers: 0 — Default size, ignore the values 1 — Values are in EMUs 2 — Values are in pixels 3 — Values are fixed fractions of shape size 4 — Aspect ratio is fixed 5 — EMUs, fixed aspect ratio 6 — Pixels, fixed aspect ratio 7 — Proportion of shape, fixed aspect ratio 8 — Aspect ratio is fixed, favor larger size 9 — EMUs, fixed aspect ratio 10 — Pixels, fixed aspect ratio 11 — Proportion of shape, fixed aspect ratio	0
lineFillHeight	EMU	How big to make a metafile texture.	0
lineJoinStyle	Line join style	Line join style for shape: 0 — Join edges by a straight line 1 — Extend edges until they join 2 — Draw an arc between the two edges	2
lineMiterLimit	fixed	Ratio of width	524288
fLineOK	Boolean	Line style may be set	TRUE

Shadow
shadowType		Type of shadow: 0 — Offset shadow 1 — Double offset shadow 2 — Rich perspective shadow (cast relative to shape) 3 — Rich perspective shadow (cast in shape space) 4 — Perspective shadow cast in drawing space 6 — Emboss or engrave	0
shadowColor	Color	Foreground color.	RGB(128,128,128)
shadowHighlight	Color	Embossed color.	RGB(203,203,203)
shadowOpacity	Fixed	Opacity of the shadow.	65536
shadowOffsetX	EMU	Shadow offset toward the right.	0
shadowOffsetY	EMU	Shadow offset toward the bottom.	0
shadowSecondOffsetX	EMU	Double shadow offset toward the right.	25400
shadowSecondOffsetY	EMU	Double shadow offset toward the bottom.	25400
shadowScaleXToX	Fixed	The shadowScaleXToX to shadowWeight define a 3x2 transform matrix that is applied to the shape to generate the shadow.	65536
shadowScaleYToX	Fixed	See definition for shadowScaleXToX.	0
shadowScaleXToY	Fixed	See definition for shadowScaleXToX.	0
shadowScaleYToY	Fixed	See definition for shadowScaleXToX.	65536
shadowPerspectiveX	Fixed	See definition for shadowScaleXToX.	0
shadowPerspectiveY	Fixed	See definition for shadowScaleXToX.	0
shadowWeight	Fixed	See definition for shadowScaleXToX.	32768
shadowOriginX	Fixed	Define the position of the origin relative to the center of the shape— this position is determined based on a proportion of the rotated shape width and height. The shape will be rotated and then positioned such that the point is at (0,0) before the transformation is applied.	0
ShadowOriginY	Fixed	See the definition for shadowOriginX.	0
fShadow	Boolean	Switches the shadow on or off.	FALSE
shadowCrMod	Color	Modification for BW views	undefined
fshadowObscured	Boolean	Excel5-style shadow	FALSE
fShadowOK	Boolean	Shadow may be set	TRUE

3-D Effects
c3DSpecularAmt	Fixed	Specular amount for the material.	0
c3DDiffuseAmt	Fixed	Diffusion amount for the material.	65536
c3DShininess	Long integer	Shininess of the material.	5
c3DEdgeThickness	EMU	Specular edge thickness.	12700
c3DExtrudeForward	EMU	Extrusion amount forward.	0
c3DExtrudeBackward	EMU	Extrusion amount backward.	457200
c3DExtrusionColor	Color	Color of the extrusion.
f3D	Boolean	True if shape has a three-dimensional (3D) effect, False if it does not.	FALSE
fc3DMetallic	Boolean	True if shape uses metallic specularity, False if it does not.	FALSE
fc3DUseExtrusionColor	Boolean	Extrusion color is set explicitly.	FALSE
fc3DLightFace	Boolean	Light the face of the shape.	TRUE
c3DYRotationAngle	Angle	Degrees about y-axis. If fc3DconstrainRotation (a Boolean property that defaults to True) is True the rotation is restricted to x-y rotation and the final rotation results from first rotating by c3DYRotationAngle degrees about the y-axis and then by c3DXRotationAngle degrees about the z-axis. If fc3DconstrainRotation is False, the final rotation results from a single rotation of c3DrotationAngle about the axis specified by c3DrotationAxisX, c3DrotationAxisY, and c3DrotationAxisZ.	0
c3DXRotationAngle	Angle	Degrees about x-axis.	0
c3DRotationAxisX	Long integer	These specify the rotation axis. Only their relative magnitudes matter.	100
c3DRotationAxisY	Long integer	See the c3DYRotationAxisX definition.	0
c3DRotationAxisZ	Long integer	See the c3DYRotationAxisX definition.	0
c3DRotationAngle	Angle	The rotation about the axis (defined above in the c3DRotationAxisX, Y, and Z parameter sections)	0
fC3DRotationCenterAuto	Boolean	If fC3DRotationCenterAuto is True the rotation will be about the center of the 3-D bounding cube of the 3-D group; otherwise, the rotation center will be about c3DRotationCenterX, c3DRotationCenterY, and c3DRotationCenterZ.	FALSE
c3DRotationCenterX	Fixed	Rotation center (X). The X and Y values are a 16.16 fraction of the geometry width and height, with (0,0) being at the center of the geometry. The Z value must be in absolute units (EMUs).	0
c3DRotationCenterY	Fixed	Rotation center (Y). If fC3DRotationCenterAuto is True the rotation will be about the center of the 3-D bounding cube of the 3-D group; otherwise, the rotation center will be about c3DRotationCenterX, c3DRotationCenterY, and c3DRotationCenterZ. The X values and Y values are a fraction of the geometry width and height, with (0,0) being at the center of the geometry. The Z value is in absolute units.	0
c3DRotationCenterZ	EMU	See c3DRotationCenterY above.	0
c3DRenderMode	Long Integer	0 — Render with full detail 1 — Render as a wire frame 2 — Render a bounding cube
c3DXViewpoint	EMU	X view point.	1250000
c3DYViewpoint	EMU	Y view point.	-1250000
c3DZViewpoint	EMU	Z view distance.	9000000
c3DOriginX	Fixed	The following c3DOriginY and c3DSkewAngle values define the origin relative to which the viewpoint origin is measured. These values are 16.16 numbers that specify the position of the origin within the shape bounding box as multiples of the width and height of that bounding box and relative to the center (that is, they are displaced from the center). When these values are applied, the actual transformed shape path is used rather than the shape geometry (compare with the shadow and perspective values, which necessarily work on the geometry bounding box—not the actual points). This means that a shape that extends outside the geometry bounding box (such as a text effect) is handled "correctly" for the calculation of the 3-D origin.	32768
c3DOriginY	Fixed	See the definition for c3DOriginX.	-32768
c3DSkewAngle	Fixed	Skew angle.	-8847360
c3DSkewAmount	Long integer	Percentage skew amount.	50
c3DAmbientIntensity	Fixed	Ambient intensity should be low (0 to .1) to avoid washed out appearance.	20000
c3DKeyX	Long integer	Key light source direction. Values may be any number; only their relative magnitudes matter.	50000
c3DKeyY	Long integer	See c3DKeyX definition above.	0
c3DKeyZ	Long integer	See c3DKeyX definition above.	10000
c3DKeyIntensity	Fixed	Fixed point intensity. Theoretical maximum is 1, but can be higher.	38000
c3DFillX	Long integer	Fill light source direction; only their relative magnitudes matter. This direction defines a second light source arbitrarily called the "fill light." Generally this will be positioned 90-180 degrees away from the key light and very roughly in front of the scene to fill in any harsh shadows. This fill will be dim compared to the first light source. Theoretically, it should be non-harsh, but harsh fill lighting looks better sometimes.	-50000
c3DFillY	Long integer	See c3DfillX definition.	0
c3DFillZ	Long integer	See c3DfillX definition.	10000
c3DFillIntensity	Fixed	Theoretical maximum is 1, but can be higher.	38000
fc3DParallel	Boolean	True if the fill has parallel projection, False if it does not. If fc3DParallel is True, the fc3DKeyHarsh and fc3DFillHarsh properties determine the parallel projection used. A skew amount of 0 means the projection is orthographic.	TRUE
fc3DKeyHarsh	Boolean	True if key lighting is harsh, False if it is not.	TRUE
fc3DFillHarsh	Boolean	True if fill lighting harsh, False if it is not.	FALSE
c3DCrMod	Color	Modification for BW views	undefined
c3DTolerance	Fixed	3D tolerance	30000
f3DOK	Boolean	3D may be set	TRUE
fc3DConstrainRotation	Boolean	If True the rotation is restricted to x-y rotation and the final rotation results from first rotating by c3DYRotation degrees about the y-axis and then by c3DXRotation degrees about the z-axis. If not then the final rotation results from a single rotation of c3DRotationAngle about the axis specified by c3DRotationAxisX,Y,andZ.	TRUE

Perspective
perspectiveOffsetX	Fixed	The values define a transformation matrix. Each value is scaled by the perspectiveWeight parameter.	0
perspectiveOffsetY	Fixed	The values define a transformation matrix. Each value is scaled by the perspectiveWeight parameter.	0
perspectiveOriginX	Fixed	Perspective x origin	32768
perspectiveOriginY	Fixed	Perspective y origin	32768
perspectivePerspectiveX	Fixed	The values define a transformation matrix. Each value is scaled by the perspectiveWeight parameter.	0
perspectivePerspectiveY	Fixed	The values define a transformation matrix. Each value is scaled by the perspectiveWeight parameter.	0
perspectiveScaleXToX	Fixed	The values define a transformation matrix. Each value is scaled by the perspectiveWeight parameter.	65536
perspectiveScaleXToY	Fixed	The values define a transformation matrix. Each value is scaled by the perspectiveWeight parameter.	0
perspectiveScaleYToX	Fixed	The values define a transformation matrix. Each value is scaled by the perspectiveWeight parameter.	0
perspectiveScaleYToY	Fixed	The values define a transformation matrix. Each value is scaled by the perspectiveWeight parameter.	65536
perspectiveType	Transform Type	Where transform applies: 0 — Absolute 1 — Shape 2 — Drawing	1
perspectiveWeight	Fixed	Scaling factor	256
fPerspective	Boolean	On/off

Callout
spcot		Callout type: 1 — Right angle 2 — One segment 3 — Two segments 4 — Three segments	3
dxyCalloutGap	EMU	Distance from box to first point.	76200
spcoa		Callout angle: 1 — Any angle 2 — 30 degrees 3 — 45 degrees 4 — 60 degrees 5 — 90 degrees	1
spcod		Callout drop type: 0 — Top 1 — Center 2 — Bottom 3 — Specified by dxyCalloutDropSpecified	3
dxyCalloutDropSpecified	EMU	If spcod is 3, then this holds the actual drop distance.	114300
dxyCalloutLengthSpecified	EMU	In the case where fCalloutLengthSpecified is True, this holds the actual distance.	0
fCallout	Boolean	This is a callout.	FALSE
fCalloutAccentBar	Boolean	Callout has an accent bar.	FALSE
fCalloutTextBorder	Boolean	Callout has a text border.	TRUE
fCalloutDropAuto	Boolean	True if Auto attach is on. False if it is off. If this is True, then the converter should occasionally invert the drop distance.	FALSE
fCalloutLengthSpecified	Boolean	True if the callout length is specified; False if it is not. If True, use dxyCalloutLengthSpecified. If False, the Best Fit option is on.	FALSE
fCalloutMinusX	Boolean	The polyline of the callout is to the right	FALSE
fCalloutMinusY	Boolean	The polyline of the callout is down.	FALSE
fCalloutTextBorder	Boolean	Callout has a text border	TRUE

Connectors

cxk

Connection Site Type

Connection Site Type:

0 — None

1 — Segments

2 — Custom

3 — Rect

cxstyle

Connector Style

Connector Style:

0 — Straight

1 — Bent

2 — Curved

3 — None

Black and White Modes
bWMode	Black and White Mode	Settings for modifications to be made when in different forms of black-and-white mode: 0 — Color 1 — Automatic 2 — Grayscale 3 — Light Grayscale 4 — Inverse Gray 5 — Gray Outline 6 — Black TextLine 7 — High Contrast 8 — Black 9 — White 10 — Don't Show 11 — Number of Black and White Modes	1
bWModeBW	Black and White Mode	Settings for modifications to be made when in different forms of black-and-white mode: 0 — Color 1 — Automatic 2 — Grayscale 3 — Light Grayscale 4 — Inverse Gray 5 — Gray Outline 6 — Black TextLine 7 — High Contrast 8 — Black 9 — White 10 — Don't Show 11 — Number of Black and White Modes	1
bWModePureBW	Black and White Mode	Settings for modifications to be made when in different forms of black-and-white mode: 0 — Color 1 — Automatic 2 — Grayscale 3 — Light Grayscale 4 — Inverse Gray 5 — Gray Outline 6 — Black TextLine 7 — High Contrast 8 — Black 9 — White 10 — Don't Show 11 — Number of Black and White Modes	1

The format of the value depends on the property name it is paired with. Many values are simple single numbers. Distances are expressed in EMU units. There are 12700 EMU units in a point hence 914400 in an inch and 360000cm^-1. Fractional or fixed values are expressed using units that are 1/65536^th of a whole. Angles are expressed as fractions of a degree. Colors are 24 bit color values. Booleans have two possible values: 1 for True and 0 for False.

Arrays are formatted as a sequence of number separated by semicolons. The first number tells the size of each element in the array in bytes. The number of bytes per element may be 2, 4, or 8. When the size of the element is 8, each element is represented as a group of two numbers. The second number tells the number of elements in the array. For example, the points of a square polygon are written as:

{sv 8;4;{0,0};{100,0};{100,100};{0,100}}

The ShapeType property can have the following possible values:

Value	Description
0	Freeform or non-autoshape
1	Rectangle
2	Round rectangle
3	Ellipse
4	Diamond
5	Isosceles triangle
6	Right triangle
7	Parallelogram
8	Trapezoid
9	Hexagon
10	Octagon
11	Plus Sign
12	Star
13	Arrow
14	Thick arrow
15	Home plate
16	Cube
17	Balloon
18	Seal
19	Arc
20	Line
21	Plaque
22	Can
23	Donut
24	Text simple
25	Text octagon
26	Text hexagon
27	Text curve
28	Text wave
29	Text ring
30	Text on curve
31	Text on ring
41	Callout 1
42	Callout 2
43	Callout 3
44	Accent Callout 1
45	Accent Callout 2
46	Accent Callout 3
47	Border Callout 1
48	Border Callout 2
49	Border Callout 3
50	Accent Border Callout 1
51	Accent Border Callout 2
52	Accent Border Callout 3
53	Ribbon
54	Ribbon2
55	Chevron
56	Pentagon
57	No Smoking
58	Seal8
59	Seal16
60	Seal32
61	Wedge Rect Callout
62	Wedge RRect Callout
63	Wedge Ellipse Callout
64	Wave
65	Folded Corner
66	Left Arrow
67	Down Arrow
68	Up Arrow
69	Left Right Arrow
70	Up Down Arrow
71	IrregularSeal1
72	IrregularSeal2
73	Lightning Bolt
74	Heart
75	Picture Frame
76	Quad Arrow
77	Left Arrow Callout
78	Right Arrow Callout
79	Up Arrow Callout
80	Down Arrow Callout
81	Left Right Arrow Callout
82	Up Down Arrow Callout
83	Quad Arrow Callout
84	Bevel
85	Left Bracket
86	Right Bracket
87	Left Brace
88	Right Brace
89	Left Up Arrow
90	Bent Up Arrow
91	Bent Arrow
92	Seal24
93	Striped Right Arrow
94	Notched Right Arrow
95	Block Arc
96	Smiley Face
97	Vertical Scroll
98	Horizontal Scroll
99	Circular Arrow
100	Notched Circular Arrow
101	Uturn Arrow
102	Curved Right Arrow
103	Curved Left Arrow
104	Curved Up Arrow
105	Curved Down Arrow
106	Cloud Callout
107	Ellipse Ribbon
108	Ellipse Ribbon 2
109	Flow Chart Process
110	Flow Chart Decision
111	Flow Chart Input Output
112	Flow Chart Predefined Process
113	Flow Chart Internal Storage
114	Flow Chart Document
115	Flow Chart Multidocument
116	Flow Chart Terminator
117	Flow Chart Preparation
118	Flow Chart Manual Input
119	Flow Chart Manual Operation
120	Flow Chart Connector
121	Flow Chart Punched Card
122	Flow Chart Punched Tape
123	Flow Chart Summing Junction
124	Flow Chart Or
125	Flow Chart Collate
126	Flow Chart Sort
127	Flow Chart extract
128	Flow Chart Merge
129	Flow Chart Offline Storage
130	Flow Chart Online Storage
131	Flow Chart Magnetic Tape
132	Flow Chart Magnetic Disk
133	Flow Chart Magnetic Drum
134	Flow Chart Display
135	Flow Chart Delay
136	Text Plain Text
137	Text Stop
138	Text Triangle
139	Text Triangle Inverted
140	Text Chevron
141	Text Chevron Inverted
142	Text Ring Inside
143	Text Ring Outside
144	Text Arch Up Curve
145	Text Arch Down Curve
146	Text Circle Curve
147	Text Button Curve
148	Text Arch Up Pour
149	Text Arch Down Pour
150	Text Circle Pour
151	Text Button Pour
152	Text Curve Up
153	Text Curve Down
154	Text Cascade Up
155	Text Cascade Down
156	Text Wave1
157	Text Wave2
158	Text Wave3
159	Text Wave4
160	Text Inflate
161	Text Deflate
162	Text Inflate Bottom
163	Text Deflate Bottom
164	Text Inflate Top
165	Text Deflate Top
166	Text Deflate Inflate
167	Text Deflate Inflate Deflate
168	Text Fade Right
169	Text Fade Left
170	Text Fade Up
171	Text Fade Down
172	Text Slant Up
173	Text Slant Down
174	Text Can Up
175	Text Can Down
176	Flow Chart Alternate Process
177	Flow Chart Off-Page Connector
178	Callout 90
179	Accent Callout 90
180	Border Callout 90
181	Accent Border Callout 90
182	Left Right Up Arrow
183	Sun
184	Moon
185	Bracket Pair
186	Brace Pair
187	Seal4
188	Double Wave
201	Host Control
202	Text Box

The following keywords are related to defining a hyperlink hanging off of a shape (that is, all of them are inside of a {\sp {\sn � } {\sp �}}). These specifically can occur in the \sp to define a property that is a hyperlink. They are used like this:

{ \hl  { \hlloc  RTF-string } { \hlsrc RTF-string } { \hlfr RTF-string } }

The three groups can be in any order. These provide the three strings needed to describe a hyperlink fully.

Control Word	Meaning
Hyperlink Property for Shapes
`\hlloc`	Location string for hyperlink.
`\hlsrc`	Source string for hyperlink.
`\hlfr`	Friendly name for hyperlink.

For more complete information please refer to the Microsoft Draw Binary Format Specification.

Footnotes

The \footnote control word introduces a footnote. Footnotes are destinations in RTF. A footnote is anchored to the character that immediately precedes the footnote destination (that is, the footnote moves with the character to which it is anchored). If automatic footnote numbering is defined, the destination can be preceded by a footnote reference character, identified by the control word \chftn. No Microsoft product supports footnotes within headers, footers, or comments (annotations). Placing a footnote within headers, footers, or comments (annotations) will often result in a corrupted document.

Footnotes have the following syntax.

<foot> '{' \footnote <para>+ '}'

Here is an example of a destination containing footnotes:

\ftnbj\ftnrestart \sectd \linemod0\linex0\endnhere \pard\plain
\ri1170 \fs20 {\pu6 Mead's landmark study has been amply annotated.\chftn
{\footnote \pard\plain \s246 \fs20 {\up6\chftn }See Sahlins, Bateson, and
Geertz for a complete bibliography.}
It was her work in America during the Second World War, however, that forms
the basis for the paper. As others have noted, \chftn
{\footnote \pard\plain \s246 \fs20 {\up6\chftn}
A complete bibliography will be found at the end of this chapter.}
this period was a turning point for Margaret Mead.}
\par

To indicate endnotes, the following combination is emitted: \footnote\ftnalt. Existing readers will ignore the \ftnalt control word and treat everything as a footnote.

For other control words relating to footnotes, see the sections titled Document Formatting Properties, Section Formatting Properties, and Special Characters in this RTF Specification.

Comments (Annotations)

RTF comments (annotations) have two parts; the author ID (introduced by the control word \atnid) and the annotation text (introduced by the control word \annotation); there is no group enclosing both parts. No Microsoft product supports comments (annotations) within headers, footers, or footnotes. Placing an annotation within headers, footers, or footnotes will often result in a corrupted document. Each part of the annotation is an RTF destination. Comments (annotations) are anchored to the character that immediately precedes the annotation.

If an annotation is associated with an annotation bookmark, the following two destination control words precede and follow the bookmark. The alphanumeric string N, such as a long integer, represents the bookmark name.

<atrfstart>	'{`\`' `\atrfstart`* N '}'
<atrfend>	'{`\`' `\atrfend`* N '}'

Comments (annotations) have the following syntax:

<annot>	<annotid> <atnauthor> <atntime>? `\chatn` <atnicn>? <annotdef>
<annotid>	'{\' `\atnid`* #PCDATA '}'
<atnauthor>	'{\' `\atnauthor`* #PCDATA '}'
<annotdef>	'{\' `\annotation`* <atnref> <para>+ '}'
<atnref>	'{`\`' `\atnref`* N '}'
<atntime>	'{\' `\atntime`* <time> '}'
<atnicn>	'{\' `\atnicn`* <pict> '}'

An example of annotation text follows:

An example of a paradigm might be Newtonian physics or
Darwinian biology.{\v\fs16 {\atnid bz}\chatn{\*\annotation
\pard\plain \s224 \fs20 {\field{\fldinst page \\#'"Page:
'#'\line'"}{\fldrslt}}{\fs16 \chatn }
How about some examples that deal with social science?
That's what this paper is about.}}

Comments (annotations) may have optional time stamps (contained in the \atntime destination) or icons (contained in the \atnicn destination).

Fields

The \field control word introduces a field destination that contains the text of fields. Fields have the following syntax:

<field>	'{' `\field` <fieldmod>? <fieldinst> <fieldrslt> '}'
<fieldmod>	`\flddirty`? & `\fldedit`? & `\fldlock`? & `\fldpriv`?
<fieldinst>	'{\' `\fldinst`* <para>+ <fldalt>? '}'
<fldalt>	`\fldalt`
<fieldrslt>	'{' `\fldrslt` <para>+ '}'

Several control words alter the interpretation of the field. These control words are listed in the following table.

Control Word	Meaning
`\flddirty`	A formatting change has been made to the field result since the field was last updated.
`\fldedit`	Text has been added to, or removed from, the field result since the field was last updated.
`\fldlock`	Field is locked and cannot be updated.
`\fldpriv`	Result is not in a form suitable for display (for example, binary data used by fields whose result is a picture).

Two subdestinations are required within the \field destination. They must be enclosed in braces ({ }) and begin with the following control words.

Control Word	Meaning
`\fldinst`	Field instructions. This is a destination control word.
`\fldrslt`	Most recent calculated result of the field. This is a destination control word.

If the instruction for a field contains a file name, then the \cpg control can be used to define the character set of the file name. See Code Page Support in this RTF Specification for details.

The \fldrslt control word should be included even if no result has been calculated because most readers (even those readers that do not recognize fields) can generally include the value of the \fldrslt destination in the document. A field result should not start with a table, because this will break some RTF readers.

An example of some field text follows:

{\field {\*\fldinst AUTHOR \\*MERGEFORMAT   }{\fldrslt Joe Smith}}\par\pard
{\field{\*\fldinst time \\@ "h:mm AM/PM"}{\fldrslt 8:12 AM}}

You can use the \fldalt control word to specify that the given field reference is to an endnote. For example, the following field in RTF is a reference to a footnote

{\field{\*\fldinst NOTEREF _RefNumber } {\fldrslt 1}}

The following is an example of a reference to an endnote

{\field{\*\fldinst NOTEREF _RefNumber \fldalt } {\fldrslt I}}

If the specified field is a form field, the \*\datafield destination appears as a part of <char> and contains the binary data of a form field instruction. For example:

{\field{\*\fldinst {\*\bkmkstart Text1} FORMTEXT {{\*\datafield
00000000000000000554657874310008476565207768697a0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt Default
Result}}{\*\bkmkend Text1}

Note The \datafield destination requires the \* prefix. The \fldtype, \date, \time, and \wpeqn field keywords should be ignored.

Form Fields

Control Word	Meaning
`\formfield`	Group destination keyword indicating start of form field data.
`\fftype`N	Form field type: 0 — Text 1 — Check box 2 — List
`\ffownhelp`N	1 if there is associated Help text (defined under `\ffhelptext`), 0 otherwise.
`\ffownstat`N	1 if there is associated status line text (defined under `\ffstattext`), 0 otherwise.
`\ffprot`N	1 if this field is protected, 0 otherwise.
`\ffsize`N	Type of size selected for check box field: 0 — Auto 1 — Exact
`\fftypetxt`N	Type of text field: 0 — Regular text 1 — Number 2 — Date 3 — Current date 4 — Current time 5 — Calculation
`\ffrecalc`N	1 if the field should be calculated on exit, 0 otherwise.
`\ffhaslistbox`N	1 if this field has list box attached to it, 0 otherwise.
`\ffmaxlen`	Number of characters for text field.
`\ffhps`N	Check box size (half-point sizes).
`\ffname`	Form field name (string). This is a destination control word.
`\ffdeftext`	Default text for text field (string). This is a destination control word.
`\ffdefres`	Default entry for list field (for example 0 = first list item, 1 = second list item).
`\ffformat`	Format for text field (string). This is a destination control word.
`\ffhelptext`	Help text (string). This is a destination control word.
`\ffstattext`	Status line text (string). This is a destination control word.
`\ffentrymcr`	Macro to be executed upon entry into this form field (string). This is a destination control word.
`\ffexitmcr`	Macro to be executed upon exit from this form field (string). This is a destination control word.
`\ffl`	List of text for list field. This is a destination control word.
`\ffres`N	Result field for a form field. Values from 0 to N-1, where N is the number of `\ffl` entries.

Index Entries

The \xe control word introduces an index entry. Index entries in RTF are destinations. An index entry has the following syntax:

<idx>	'{' `\xe` (*`\xef`? & `\bxe`? & `\ixe`*?) <entry> (<txe> \| <rxe>)? '}'
<entry>	(<char>+ <yxe>?) \| ('{' <char>+ <yxe>? '}')
<yxe>	`\`yxe <char>+ #PCDATA
<txe>	'{' `\txe` <char>+ #PCDATA'}'
<rxe>	'{' `\rxe` #PCDATA '}'

If the text of the index entry is not formatted as hidden text with the \v control word, the text is put into the document as well as into the index. For more information on the \v control word, see Font (Character) Formatting Properties in this RTF Specification. Similarly, the text of the \txe subdestination, described later in this section, becomes part of the document if it is not formatted as hidden text.

The following control words may also be used.

Control Word	Meaning
`\xef`N	Allows multiple indexes within the same document. N is an integer that corresponds to the ASCII value of a letter between A and Z.
`\bxe`	Formats the page number or cross-reference in bold.
`\ixe`	Formats the page number or cross-reference in italic.
`\txe` Text	Text argument to be used instead of a page number. This is a destination control word.
`\rxe` BookmarkName	Text argument is a bookmark for the range of page numbers. This is a destination control word.
\yxe	Pronunciation (or heading) for index entry, used in phonetic sorting.
*\\pxe**	"Yomi" (pronunciation) for index entry.

Table of Contents Entries

The \tc control word introduces a table of contents entry that can be used to build the actual table of contents. The \tcn control word marks a table of contents entry that will not have a page number associated with it; this is used in place of \tc for such entries. Table of contents entries are destinations, and they have the following syntax:

<toc> '{' \tc | \tcn (\tcf? & \tcl?) <char>+ '}'

As with index entries, text that is not formatted as hidden with the \v character-formatting control word is put into the document. The following control words can also be used in this destination.

Control Word	Meaning
`\tcf`N	Type of table being compiled. N is mapped by existing Microsoft software to a letter between A and Z (the default is 67, which maps to C, used for tables of contents).
`\tcl`N	Level number (the default is 1).

Bidirectional Language Support

RTF supports bidirectional writing orders for languages such as Arabic. The controls are described below (as well as in the appropriate sections throughout this RTF Specification). Also refer to the associated character properties defined in Associated Character Properties in this RTF Specification.

All the control words relating to bidirectional language support are repeated here for convenience.

Control Word	Meaning
`\rtlch`	The character data following this control word will be treated as a right-to-left run.
`\ltrch`	The character data following this control word will be treated as a left-to-right run (the default).
`\lin`N	Left indent for left-to-right paragraphs; right indent for right-to-left paragraphs (the default is 0).
`\rin`N	Right indent for left-to-right paragraphs; left indent for right-to-left paragraphs (the default is 0).
`\pgnbidia`	Page-number format is Abjad Jawaz if language is Arabic and Biblical Standard if language is Hebrew.
`\pgnbidib`	Page-number format is Alif Ba Tah if language is Arabic and Non-standard Decimal if language is Hebrew.
`\pnbidia`	Abjad Jawaz if language is Arabic and Biblical Standard if language is Hebrew.
`\pnbidib`	Alif Ba Tah if language is Arabic and Non-standard Decimal if language is Hebrew.
`\rtlmark`	The following characters should be displayed from right to left.
`\ltrmark`	The following characters should be displayed from left to right.
`\rtlpar`	Text in this paragraph will be displayed with right-to-left precedence
`\ltrpar`	Text in this paragraph will be displayed with left-to-right precedence (the default).
`\rtlrow`	Cells in this table row will have right-to-left precedence.
`\ltrrow`	Cells in this table row will have left-to-right precedence (the default).
`\rtlsect`	This section will thread columns from right to left.
`\ltrsect`	This section will thread columns from left to right (the default).
`\rtldoc`	Text in this document will be displayed from right to left unless overridden by a more specific control.
`\ltrdoc`	Text in this document will be displayed from left to right unless overridden by a more specific control (the default).
`\levelnfcn`N	Same as `\levelnfc`. Takes priority over it if both are present.
`\leveljcn`N	0 — Left justified if for left-to-right paragraphs and right justified for right-to-left paragraphs 1 — Center justified 2 — Right justified if for left-to-right paragraphs and left justified for right-to-left paragraphs Takes priority over `\leveljc` if both are present
`\rtlgutter`	Gutter is positioned on the right
`\taprtl`	Indicates that the table direction is right-to-left
`\zwj`	Zero-width joiner. This is used for ligating characters.
`\zwnj`	Zero-width nonjoiner. This is used for unligating characters.

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